Is It Possible to Prevent Cancer by Changing Your Lifestyle?
By Erika Cappelluti, MD, PhD I
magine...what if it was possible to alter or prevent the develop- ment of cancer by changing the foods that you eat, by increasing your physical activity, or by reducing stress in your life? Would
you do it? Could it be that simple? While it may seem so or even too good to be true, it is not only possible, but scientifically proven via the field of inquiry known as Epigenetics.
Epigenetics represents a new frontier in cancer research because
epigenetic events play a key role in control of both normal cellular processes and abnormal events associated with disease, particularly cancer. Epigenetics (literally meaning “above the gene”) was a term coined by Conrad Waddington in 1942 to describe the discipline of biology that studies “the interactions of genes with their environ- ment that bring the phenotype into being.” Phenotype refers to the physical manifestation of the gene sequence (brown eye color, for in- stance), whereas genotype refers to the sequence itself. In a broader sense, epigenetics embodies mechanisms that modify the final outcome of the genetic code (whether or not we get a disease) with- out altering the underlying DNA sequence. The most obvious proof of epigenetics exists in the fact that all human cells share identical DNA yet they exhibit strikingly different structural and functional
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properties. For example, a brain cell looks and functions very differ- ently than a muscle cell, yet both have the same genetic information located within the nucleus. In a technical sense, epigenetic modifi- cations include things like DNA methylation, histone modifications (histones are proteins around which the DNA strands are wrapped, Figure 1), and gene silencing.
Figure 1. DNA double helix and histone proteins. Epigenetic markers include methyl groups and histone modifiers.
Simply stated, once the DNA strand has been created, the finish-
ing touches are the epigenetic modifications. This could be likened to baking a cake (the DNA strand) and then applying the icing and other embellishments (the methyl groups, etc).
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