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Irrigation
Otterbine’s Reg Varney looks at the various methods available to ensure your ponds and lakes remain healthy
onds and lakes, whether man made or natural, have a natural life cycle. Before man began to impact the environment, this progression took hundreds, even thousands of years. Nowadays, ponds and lakes can be created, live and die within decades. Much of the reason lies in the fact that water is our most abused and least understood natural resource. We allow our ponds and lakes to be unmanaged and, therefore, they become unmanageable.
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www.pitchcare.com 134 PC JUNE/JULY 2012
Successful pond and lake management begins with a basic understanding of how the three mechanisms that operate in a pond or lake affect its overall condition. Temperature layering (thermal stratification) occurs when the sun warms the pond surface water, causing it to become less dense. As the warming process progresses, the water becomes separated, or stratified into layers. Densities, caused by the varying water temperatures, are what cause this layering to occur. Colder water settles on the pond bottom, and the water gets warmer in layers as you near the surface. Because the surface layer will remain warm, algae growth thrives and oxygen is not retained as well as in cooler water temperatures. Like any living body, ponds accumulate and digest organic matter. Organic nutrients containing phosphorous and nitrogen are essential to plant life, but you must keep the nutrient level in an ideal balance in order to avoid severe weed and plant growth. A pond may become eutrophic, that is too rich in dissolved nutrient, due to run off from nearby turf areas, leeching fertilisers or
from domestic septic systems, leaves, grass clippings or other organic waste blown or dumped into the pond. In addition, the algae and aquatic weeds living in the pond will eventually die and contribute to the nutrient level. As the nutrient levels rise, the rate of plant growth will also increase, initiating the gradual consumption of the pond by organic sludge. The third and final
mechanism is oxygen. Oxygen is used by the pond to clean itself of excess nutrients through the action of aerobic bacteria. In oxygen depleted ponds, some metals and the nutrients phosphorous and ammonium (a nitrogen compound) become increasingly soluble and are released from the pond sediments to recycle through the water. Mixing events, such as cold fronts with winds and cold rains, can transport some of these released nutrients to the lake surface where they can stimulate increased algae production.
As a pond ages and the nutrient level rises, the amount of algae and aquatic plant life increases. Naturally, these plants will die and sink to the bottom of the pond, beginning decomposition. This is referred to as a biomass problem. Due to thermal stratification, however, the upper and lower layers of the pond do not mix and, therefore, the oxygen needed to support pond life does not reach the bottom of the pond. An oxygen depletion problem in the lower layers of the pond is now created and may result in fish kills, foul
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