commander of U.S. Central Command. The new agency absorbed some other commands, including Joint Task Force — Global Network Operations and Joint Functional Component Com- mand — Network Warfare; their staffs relocated to Fort Meade. The Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) headquarters also moved to the base. In April 2014, Adm. Michael S. Rogers, USN, succeeded Alexander as head of both CYBERCOM and the NSA.

A work in progress As one of DoD’s newest commands, CYBERCOM is still in the process of implementing its Cyber Mission Force (CMF) planning model, which will be built over the next few years, ac- cording to a command spokesperson. There are three types of teams that will comprise the CMF to work three main mission areas: Defend the na- tion, when directed by the president (Cyber National Mission Force); sup- port combatant commanders’ priori- ties (Cyber Combat Mission Force);

(clockwise from above) Personnel of the 624th Operations Center conduct operations in support of Air Forces Cyber. A program manager uses a touch table designed by Plan X, a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency cyber warfare program. Adm. Michael Rogers, USN, right, accepts the Cyber Command flag from Adm. Cecil Haney, USN, as Rogers assumes command.

and defend the DoD information networks (Cyber Protection Teams). While each force has a specific mis- sion area (defend the nation to pro- tect critical infrastructure; support combatant commanders; defend the DoDIN), integrated planning and co- ordination goes through the CYBER- COM headquarters to identify mission gaps while helping to avoid unneces- sary duplication of effort. The agency has its work cut out for

it, as Director of National Intelligence James Clapper told Congress in 2013. Speaking to the House Armed Ser- vices Committee, Clapper noted the threat of cyberattacks by foreign na- tions could be an even greater danger than that posed by global terrorism. It’s not only military networks at risk, said Clapper, but also the nation’s crit- ical water, energy, financial, and infor- mation infrastructure. Such an attack, he said, could cripple our economy in much the same way 9/11 did. It’s hard to imagine a single hacker or team of programmers could wreak that kind of havoc, but it is becom- ing more likely. In 2007, the Idaho National Laboratory conducted a test to point out weaknesses in America’s electrical grid by changing the operat- ing cycle of a power generator remote-

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