Volume 9 issue 1 Nuclear Future
As a consequence, it is suggested that Cr-containing SPPs may aid the transport of H through zirconium’s outer oxide layer, as previously proposed by Hatano15
, but that Ni-containing SPPs will
instead trap the H until they are dissolved (by radiation damage) or fully oxidised (by the inward-growing oxide layer).
Conclusion Within this article, we have attempted to give a flavour of how computer simulation is being applied at the Centre for Nuclear Engineering at Imperial College to industrially relevant nuclear engineering problems. Given the need for young graduate engineers to enter the nuclear industry, it is gratifying to note that a large part of the work presented within this article was produced by PhD students just at the start of their careers. In the coming years, it is likely that many of these young scientists and engineers will choose to make their home within the nuclear industry. We hope that we have demonstrated that they will bring with them new techniques and fresh ideas and become an asset to the industry. With the correct encouragement, the UK university sector
will play a crucial role in filling the skills gap and equipping people with the tools they need to climb the career ladder, and hopefully will provide tomorrow’s leaders in both academia and industry. We have given just a highlight of the work done, many more examples could be given of undergraduate and MSc project work that is being carried out both at the university and in industry; however, we have shown that university-based research can continue to provide ideas, solutions and tools that are of direct relevance to industry.
References 1. National Nuclear Laboratory (2012) The characteristics of failed AGR fuel. Technical Report: NNL(10) 10931, Nuclear Decommissioning Authority, Harwell
2. Mella, R. and Wenman, M.R. (2013) Axisymmetric whole pin life modelling of advanced gas-cooled reactor nuclear fuel. J. Nucl. Mater., in the press
3. ABAQUS 6.10, SIMULIA, Rising Sun Mills, Providence, RI 4. Silling, S.A. (1998) Reformation of elasticity theory for discontinuities and long-range forces. Technical Report: SAND98-2176, Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico
5. Silling, S.A. (2000) Reformulation of elasticity theory for discontinuities and long-range forces. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 48, 175
6. Gerstle, W., Sau, N. and Silling, S.A. (2007) Peridynamic modeling of concrete structures. Nucl. Eng. Des. 237, 1250
7. Bobarum, F. and Duanpanya, M. (2010) The peridynamics formulation for transient heat conduction. Int. J. Heat Mass Trans. 53, 4047
8. Kilic, B. and Madenci, E. (2010) Peridynamic theory for thermomechanical analysis. IEEE Trans. Adv. Pack. 33, 97
9. Dayal, K. and Battacharya, K. (2006) Kinetics of phase transformations in the peridynamics formulation of continuum mechanics. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 54, 1811
10. Warren, T.L., Silling, S.A., Askari, A., Weckner, O., Epton, M.A. and Xu, J. (2009) A non-ordinary state-based peridynamics method to model material deformation and fracture. Int. J. Solids Struct. 46, 1186
11. Bobaru, F. (2007) Influence of van der Waals forces on increasing the strength and toughness in dynamic fracture of nanofibre networks: a peridynamic approach. Modelling Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng. 15, 397
Mark Wenman Mark Wenman has a BEng in Materials Science and Technology and a PhD in the micromechanics of fracture of BCC metal alloys from the University of Birmingham. He was employed as a lecturer in the
nuclear department at HMS Sultan from 2003 to 2008 before moving to Imperial College London to take up a position as EDF Energy Research Fellow and Lecturer. Today Mark has a growing research group focused on metallic systems for nuclear engineering applications. He is also the Director of the MSc in Nuclear Engineering at Imperial College.
Michael Rushton Michael Rushton works within the atomistic simulation group within the Centre for Nuclear Engineering at Imperial College London. His research considers materials performance and design using
atomic-scale simulation. In particular he uses modelling to look at nuclear fuel performance and the design of ceramic and vitreous nuclear waste materials. He also coordinates the modelling component of Imperial College’s MSc in Nuclear Engineering.
Materials modelling at Imperial 49
12. Ha, Y.D. and Bobaru, F. (2011) Characteristics of dynamic brittle fracture captured with peridynamics. Eng. Fract. Mech. 78, 1156
13. Song, J.H., Wang, H. and Belytschko, T.A. (2008) A comparative study on finite element methods for dynamic fracture. Comput. Mech. 42, 239
14. Hatano, Y., Isobe, K., Hitaka, R. and Sugisaki, M. (1996) Role of intermetallic precipitates in hydrogen uptake of Zircaloy-2. J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 33, 944
15. Shaltiel, D., Jacob, I. and Davidov, D. (1977) Hydrogen absorption and desorption properties of AB2 Laves-phases pseudobinary compounds. J. Less-Common Met. 53, 117
16. Kohn, W. and Sham, L.J. (1965) Self-consistent equations including exchange and correlation effects. Phys. Rev. 140, A1133
17. Burr, P.A., Murphy, S.T., Lumley, S.C., Wenman, M.R. and Grimes, R.W. (2013) Hydrogen accommodation in Zr second phase particles: implications for H pick-up and hydriding of Zircaloy-2 and -4. Corros. Sci., in the press. doi: 10.1016/j.
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