Towards a green economy
List of figures Figure 1: Image of green transport as a goal, and actions and investments to achieve this goal . . . . . . . . 382 Figure 2: Passenger light-duty vehicle fleet and ownership rates in key regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 Figure 3: Changes to energy consumption by sector and region between 2007 and 2030 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 Figure 4: Reported deaths by type of road user, region and income group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 Figure 5: Moving towards a green trajectory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 Figure 6: Modal split by income group in Surabaya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 Figure 7: Global transport carbon abatement cost curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 Figure 8: Effect of a combination of Avoid, Shift and Improve measures to reduce CO2
emissions
from the transport sector in the EU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 Figure 9: Level of vehicle activity under BAU and the green scenarios. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 Figure 10: Modeled changes to CO2
emissions in the transport sector under the green and BAU
scenarios. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 Figure 11: Growth patterns for cities around the world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
List of tables Table 1: Accident costs from various world regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 Table 2: Avoid, Shift and Improve strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 Table 3: Economic impacts per US$ 1 million expenditures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 Table 4: Green transport businesses in the Avoid, Shift and Improve groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 Table 5: Costs and benefits of investing in green transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 Table 6: Overview of instruments to support Avoid, Shift and Improve strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 Table 7: Regulatory measures in practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 Table 8: Options for financing green transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 Table 9: Various technologies to support green transport goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
List of boxes Box 1: Externalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 Box 2: Maritime and aviation emissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 Box 3: Benefits of cleaner fuels in sub-Saharan Africa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 Box 4: Re-examining the employment generating effects of aviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 Box 5: Green transport as a business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 Box 6: The role of transport in reducing rural poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 Box 7: Net savings from greening the transport sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 Box 8. Effects of combining investments in measures in the Avoid, Shift and Improve areas on reducing transport emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 Box 9: Share the Road. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 Box 10: The future role of climate finance in enacting green transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 Box 11: Fuel subsidies – transitional arrangements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Box 12: Congestion charging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Box 13: The global fuel economy initiative. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
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