Transport


Avoid, Shift, Improve


Avoid Avoid and Shift Shared vehicle systems


Public transport opera- tions (including fare collec- tion, depot/fleet manage- ment, station management, security)


Taxis and paratransit operations


Shift


Non-motorised transport (NMT) services


Intelligent Transportation Systems


Commercial enterprises in public spaces, advertising and street furniture


Low carbon vehicles Improve Alternative fuels Vehicle Maintenance High –by encouraging less private car usage


High – by increasing the quality of service and making transit systems more attractive


Medium – by providing door-to-door alternative to private cars (depends on fuel type and operational efficiency)


High – particularly when coupled with land use patterns that support shorter journeys achievable by NMT.


Medium – optimising transportation system performance to minimising vehicle delays and making public transport attractive


Medium – improves the user experience of transit/non-motorised transport oriented cities


High – by allowing better energy efficiency High – by allowing lower CO2


per unit of energy


Medium – proper vehicle maintenance can reduce emissions and GHG


Sustainable business


Telecommunication tech- nology and services


Parking providers Emissions reduction potential


Medium – Provides alternatives to physical travel


High – by providing formal parking space and replacing informal parking


Examples


Teleconferencing and teleworking by major companies in Europe, US, etc.


Private parking operators in Tokyo


Car-sharing integrated with rail and public transport in Switzerland; Bicycle sharing such as: JCDecaux/Cyclocity, Paris, Clear Channel/ SmartBike, Barcelona


Bus Rapid Transit systems in Bogotá, Pereira, Curitiba, Ahmedabad, Guayaquil, Mexico, Leon, Guadalajara, Guatemala; Bus systems in Santiago, Sao Paulo (and most Brazilian cities); Metro rail systems in Singapore, etc.


Auto-rickshaws in India, Pakistan


Bicycle rickshaws in India, New York City, San Francisco; Bicycle stations in Germany; Bicycle rentals in Amsterdam; Walking tours in Boston


Technology providers in Santiago, Guayaquil Barcelona, Buenos Aires, Guayaquil


Small, lightweight vehicles, ultra low emission engines, hybrid vehi- cles, plug-in hybrids linked with sustainable generation of electricity


Biofuels, conforming to stringent and comprehensive sustainability criteria


Annual vehicle checks in e.g. Indonesia Table 4: Green transport businesses in the Avoid, Shift and Improve groups


Box 6: The role of transport in reducing rural poverty


There is a large body of empirical evidence that shows a positive correlation between transport investment and economic outputs Liu (2005). Binswanger et al. (1993) and AITD (2003) found that rural road investment directly contributes to the growth of agricultural output, increased use of fertilisers, commercial bank expansion and overall improvements in the socio-economic conditions of rural villages in India. Khandker et al. (2009) their research for the World Bank, Khander et al. (2009) found that rural road investments in Bangladesh reduced poverty significantly through higher agricultural production, higher wages, lower input and transportation costs and higher output prices. Rural roads were also found to lead to higher rates of school attendance for both girls and boys and to be pro-poor. However, together


with rural road infrastructure, investments also need to be made in facilities for public transport, NMT and a multi-modal transport infrastructure. For those without access to private motor vehicles, this would lead to their increased mobility. This is especially the case when connecting urban centres with rural areas. Van de Walle (2002), in her work for the World Bank, argues that failing to consider the equity objective alongside the efficiency one can bias investment against poorer areas and poor people. This is particularly true in Asian transition economies where roads are one of many constraints on development. Their economic, social and environmental benefits will be dependent on other factors such as whether or not affordable transport services follow the road investment.


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