Savings in greenhouse gas emissions by fuel type1 0

Tonnes of CO2 equivalent per hectare and year FT-diesel

Eucalyptus, electricity co-generation Miscanthus, electricity co-generation Switchgrass, electricity co-generation Ethanol+ Eucalyptus, electricity co-generation Miscanthus, electricity co-generation Switchgrass, electricity co-generation FAME2

Jatropha, electricity from residues, glycerine co-produced

Soybeans, soybean meal and glycerine co-produced

Rapeseed, rape meal and glycerine co-produced

Palm fruit, incl CH4 emissions from POME

Source: R. Hoefnagels et Al, Greenhouse gas footprints of different biofuel production systems, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2010. Figure 3.1.4 Savings in greenhouse gas emissions by fuel type 22 Wheat, heat from Natural gas boiler Maize (corn), heat from Natural gas CHP4 510 20

40

60 Ethanol

Coal to Liquid (no CCS3) Coal to Liquid (CCS) Tar sands diesel/gasoline US diesel/gasoline EU diesel gasoline

Sugarcane, excess bagasse for fuel (heat)

Sweet sorghum, heat from bagasse Sugarbeet, pulp to fodder Wheat, jeat from CHP4 straw Wheat, heat from lignite CHP4 Wheat, heat from Natural gas CHP4

020 51015

Notes: 1. Allocation of co-products by EU default (energy allocation for co-products, subtraction for co-generation of electricity and heat), energy, mass and market value 2. Fatty-acid methyl esters. 3. Carbon capture and storage. 4. Combined heat and power.