artiCLe | NeurosCIeNCe |
the skin receptor of serotonin and enhances this immunosuppression. resupplying cells with serotonin is one way to overcome this problem and to stay free from these types of cancer. serotonin is also
at the centre of the biological clock; not only cerebrally, but also on a cellular level and in the organs in which disturbances can cause a number of illnesses. The platelet activating factor (PAF) increases arachidonic acid and inflammation, particularly in keratinocytes, and serotonin is a natural neurotransmitter counteracting this process41
.
serotonin influences cellular proliferation, differentiation,
maturation, and migration. altered serotonin
(5‑hydroxy‑tryptamine; 5-Ht) signalling is considered
a contributing factor to ageing.
.
PAF and 5-hT(2A) receptor antagonists block skin cancer induction in vivo, and may be a new approach to treatment40
serotonin influences cellular proliferation,
differentiation, maturation, and migration. Altered serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-hT) signalling is considered a contributing factor to ageing42
. Furthermore,
serotonin alteration leads to insulin modification, and longevity genes like sirtuin 5 are overexpressed, leading to a shorter lifespan. 5-hT can be considered a modulator of ‘normal’ ageing. It is present in blood platelets and is produced in all forms of tissue aggression. It is pro-oedematous, vasodilating, pro-inflammatory, and in excess, a pruritogen. Many steroids come from cholesterol, and the skin
receptors of serotonin are partly regulated by steroids. e2, testosterone and dheA enhance serotonin and decrease the occurrence of metalloproteases for the preservation of collagen (types I and III). A low level of cortisol as a result of chronic stress for example, increases the number of receptors43
consequences, such as pruritus found in eczema. Further reading
Davis SL, Shibasaki M, Low DA et al. Sustained impairments in cutaneous vasodilation and sweating in grafted skin following long-term recovery. J Burn Care Res 2009; 30(4): 675–85
Eisenhofer G, Tian H, Holmes C, Matsunaga J, Roffler-Tarlov S, Hearing VJ. Tyrosinase: a developmentally specific major determinant of peripheral dopamine. FASEB J 2003; 17(10): 1248–55
Sivamani RK, Porter SM, Isseroff RR. An epinephrine- dependent mechanism for the control of UV-induced pigmentation. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129(3): 784–7
Slominski A. Neuroendocrine activity of the melanocyte Exp Dermatol 2009; 18(9): 760–3
58 ❚ July 2011 |
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Molecule of the neurotransmitter serotonin
serotonin is also linked to No. If there is a skin-activated
pathway for kynerenine, it induces iNos, which can increase lipid peroxidation and trigger arachidonic acid cascade, resulting in the increased production of inflammatory factors44
.
Conclusions each hormone and neurotransmitter has many interactions. It is clear that this network of neurotransmitters, some of which could be called neurohormones, carries out a great deal of activity within the skin (and between the brain and skin, gut and skin) 45–50
. recent data suggests that the skin provides a window
to the human organism and can be an adequate model for ageing research, also implying the use of skin samples for evaluating the ageing status of the central nervous system51
. The skin’s status itself and their
reflects the ageing status — acting on skin hormones modifies neurotransmitter levels. hormones are messengers, inducers of neurotransmitters, skin and brain ‘butterflies’. hormonal therapeutics are more than simply corrections to existing hormones, but provide deeper actions and both short- and long-term effects. Low doses of hormones open the window for a new therapeutic approach52 science of hormesis53
, already explored by the . The research already carried on our skin — the largest
endocrine gland — and neurotransmitters has only just begun, and the medical implications are already making themselves known.
Declaration of interest None
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