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12 National Center for Advancing Translational Science. About New Therapeutic Uses. https://ncats.nih.gov/ntu/about. 13 National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH partners with 11 leading biopharmaceutical companies to accelerate the development of new cancer immunotherapy strategies for more patients. Press Release, 12 October, 2017. https://www.nih.gov/ news-events/news- releases/nih-partners-11- leading-biopharmaceutical- companies-accelerate- development-new-cancer- immunotherapy-strategies- more-patients.


Suggested reading Ridley, M. The Evolution of Everything: how new ideas emerge. Harper, New York, 2016. Chaguturu, R. Ed. Collaborative Innovation in Drug Discovery: strategies for public and private partnerships. Wiley, New York, 2014. Patwardhan, B and Chaguturu, R. Eds. Innovative Approaches in Drug Discovery: Ethnopharmacology, systems biology and holistic targeting. Academic Press, New York, 2017. Sánchez-Serrano, I. The World’s Health Care Crisis: from the laboratory bench to the patient’s bedside. Elsevier, New York, 2016. Gassmann, O and Schuhmacher, S. Leading Pharmaceutical Innovation: how to win the life science race, Wiley, New York, 2018. Gulfo, J. Innovation Breakdown: How the FDA and Wall Street Cripple Medical Advances, Post Hill Press, New York, 2017. Moos, W and Miller, S. Managing the Drug Discovery Process: how to make it more efficient and cost effective. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, 2016.


All these examples attest to the flexibility of the


Core Model and its universality. Today, when the bio-pharmaceutical industry does not know where it is going, and with the extraordinary necessity of coming up with more efficient ways to produce new drugs – given the extraordinarily big impact that the high price of novel drugs has in the global healthcare systems and in some countries’ econo- my – it is extremely important to review the Core Model paradigm and adapt it according to specific circumstances.


Concluding remarks Despite considerable technological advances, the pharmaceutical industry is experiencing a severe innovation deficit, especially in the discovery of new drugs. We have tried here to initiate discussion about the complexities that face drug discovery and development beyond their current horizons. Indeed, older methodologies that have for years been the basis of scientific discovery need to be reviewed to determine if all the hypotheses they were built on are still valid. We propose innovative network science that addresses the general need for improved applications in the discovery and devel- opment of drugs. The ‘Core Model’, an economic and organisa-


tional paradigm for drug discovery and develop- ment, is elucidated through the story-case of the development of the anticancer drug bortezomib. Some of the remarkable progress that has taken place is illustrated in the ‘Periphery’ (a constituent of the model) and its ever-increasing active role in the financing of drug discovery and development efforts to treat important diseases and in the col- lecting of crucial real-world data for clinical devel- opment. In the current pharmaceutical and health- care scenarios, drug leads that may otherwise lan- guish in the laboratory could fully capitalise on the use of ‘Core Model’ approaches to make it to the patient, saving time, labour and capital. In summary, the survival of the pharmaceutical


industry and of the world’s healthcare systems will ultimately depend on innovation, on a better understanding of disease, on the efficient develop- ment of novel drugs and on preventive measures coupled to an efficient use of our limited societal resources. Imagine a world free of diseases. What a won-


derful thought and sight. A pinnacle of unimagin- able human achievement, a defining hallmark of excellence in human endeavour and a lofty goal from times immemorial, but NOT yet achieved. The utopian thought is nowhere near our distant sight. Or, is it ever achievable? That’s the question.


52


Acknowledgements We thank our many colleagues who have influenced us in innumerable ways over the years and for being the beneficiary of their collective wisdom. DDW


Ibis Sánchez-Serrano is the President of the Core Model Corporation (CMC), focused on global healthcare and biopharmaceutical innovation and translational science policy. He holds a Masters in International Business Relations and Technology Management from the Tufts Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy in collaboration with Harvard University and MIT’s Sloan School of Management. He


is based in Boston,


Massachusetts, USA and Panama City, Panamá, where he is very much involved in community development and educational activities.


Dr Tom Pfeifer is the head of screening at the Centre for Drug Research and Development (CDRD, Canada’s national drug development and commercialisation engine). He is also the lead of CDRD’s Neuroscience Task Force. He is currently a member of the Board of Directors, International Chemical Biology Society. He received his PhD from the University of Saskatchewan in molecular biology.


Dr Rathnam Chaguturu is the Innovation Czar, Founder & CEO of iDDPartners (Princeton Junction, NJ, USA), a non-profit think-tank focused on pharmaceutical innovation. Most recently, Deputy Site Head, Center for Advanced Drug Research, SRI International, he is the Founding President of the International Chemical Biology Society, a Founding Member of the Society for Biomolecular Sciences and Editor-in-Chief- Emeritus of the journal, Combinatorial Chemistry and High Throughput Screening. Rathnam pas- sionately advocates the need for innovation and the virtues of collaborative partnerships in address- ing pharmaceutical innovation crisis, and aggres- sively warns the threat of scientific misconduct in biomedical sciences. He received his PhD with an award-winning thesis from Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India.


Drug Discovery World Spring 2018


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