Business


References 1 Roy, A, Patwardhan, B, Chaguturu, R. Reigniting pharmaceutical innovation through holistic drug targeting. Drug Discovery World. 45-55 (2016, Summer). 2 Chorgade, M, Liebman, M, Lushington, G, Naylor, S and Chaguturu, R. Translational chemical biology: Gap assessment for advancing drug discovery, development and precision medicine. Drug Discovery World. 72-90 (2016/2017, Winter). 3 Palmer, M and Chaguturu, R. Expert Opin Drug Discov. 12(6):537-540 (2017). 4 Sánchez-Serrano, I. The World’s Health Care Crisis: From the Laboratory Bench to the Patient’s Bedside. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0123918758 (2016). 5Weatherall, M. In Search of a Cure: A History of Pharmaceutical Discovery. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0192617477 (1991). 6 Chandler, AD. Shaping the Industrial Century: The Remarkable Story of the Evolution of the Modern Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industries (Harvard Studies in Business History). Harvard University Press. ISBN 978- 0674017207 (2004). 7 Sánchez-Serrano, I. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 5 (2):107-14 (2006). 8 Heller, MA. Harvard Law Review, 111 (3): 621-88 (1998). 9 DiMasi, JA, Grabowski, HG, Hansen, RW. Journal of Health Economics, 47 (5):20-33 (2016). 10 Abelson, R and Thomas, K. Fed Up With Drug Companies, Hospitals Decide to Start Their Own. The New York Times, 18 January, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018 /01/18/health/drug-prices- hospitals.html. 11Wingfield, N, Thomas, K and Abelson, R. Amazon, Berkshire Hathaway and JPMorgan Team Up to Try to Disrupt Health Care. The New York Times, 30 January, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018 /01/30/technology/amazon- berkshire-hathaway-jpmorgan- health-care.html.


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Table 2: Selected summary of assets of the constituents of the Core Model ATTRIBUTE ASSET Core


Highly sophisticated ideas, narrow and focused objectives, revolutionary technologies, enthusiastic and highly qualified staff, connections with colleagues and outside institutions, effective leadership, economic incentives, concentration on productivity, dynamism, flexibility, etc.


Bridge


Personal connections (academia, biotech, pharma, hospitals, regulators, investors, philanthropic organizations, etc.), tests and animal models, clinical trials and funding for clinical trials, tissue banks, new/complementary technologies, reagents, new approaches and paths to drug discovery and development, new perspectives to improvement, “free” or low cost labor force (via collaboration), scientific knowledge, problem solving, technological facilities (e.g. mice facilities), special software, cell lines, advice, translational studies. All of this leads to savings time, money, and effort. It increases knowledge and data that most of the time lead to important publications.


Periphery


Funding, infrastructure, promotion, lobbying, recruitment of patients for clinical trials , “free” labor , equipment, positive public image, knowledge, data, know -how, technology, tips by regulators to correct wrong paths, guidance on how to be efficient, translational science, saving time and money while guiding the Core on how to succeed.


pricing of old, off-patent drugs such as the heart medicine Nitropress, and shortages of essential medicines, such as morphine, as well as by the manipulation of the market by investors, has led a group of large hospital systems in the US10, spearheaded by Intermountain Healthcare, and involving Ascension – a Catholic system that is the nation’s largest non-profit hospital group – and very possibly the Department of Veteran Affairs, to the bold decision of creating a not-for- profit organisation to create generic drugs to bat- tle shortages and high-prices in hospitals. In another bold movement, three large US corpora- tions, Amazon, Berkshire Hathaway and JPMorgan Chase, have announced the formation of an independent health care company for their employees in the United States to deal with the soaring cost of health insurance premiums and pharmaceuticals11. Two other important initiatives adopting the


Core Model are, firstly, the NIH-National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences’ Industry


Partnerships Initiative (launched in 2012) to foster collaboration between pharmaceutical companies and the biomedical research community to advance therapeutics development as part of the NIH New Therapeutics Use Program. The objec- tive of this initiative is to match researchers with a selection of ‘pharmaceutical assets’ to help the sci- entists test ideas for new therapeutic uses12. The second is Partnership for Accelerating Cancer Therapies (PACT), a $215 million public-private partnership with 11 pharmaceutical companies over a five-year agreement to advance research in new immunotherapy treatments that equip the immune system to attack cancer via the identifica- tion, development and validation of biomarkers. This initiative not only involves the partners just mentioned, but also the NIH Foundation, impor- tant academic research centres in the US, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers Association (PhRMA) and the Department of Health and Human Services, among others13.


Drug Discovery World Spring 2018


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