E. coli (Mahdavi, et al 2010). • Phosphoprotein phosvitin can be used in the production of proinflammatory mediators. It can also be used as a preservative and an emulsifier or emulsion stabiliser. • Phosphatidylcholine from egg yolk plays a role in the functioning of membranes and nerve cells and can be used in infant formula for brain development.
Figure 1. Separation of egg-yolk components to produce value- added products (NL = neutral lipids, PL = phospholipids)
Bioactive lipids The separated phospholipids from egg yolk can also be used as agents in nutritional supplements or pharmaceuticals to improve fertility, maintain pregnancy, stimulate cell proliferation and cell growth, promote apoptosis and treat or prevent various diseases including cancers (Bieberich, 2012). In animals, supplementing broiler diets with phospholipid enhances fat digestibility (Zavareie and Toghyani, 2018). Sphingomyelin can be used to produce bioactive lipid ceramide; ceramide can be used as a therapy to arrest growth or promote apoptosis, especially for cancer cells (Kolesnick,2002).
Prospective use of egg yolk and its components Egg yolk can be an excellent starting material, then, to produce new functional products that can be used as ingredients for health products. For more diverse uses, further studies on bioactive peptides should be focused on all the peptides in the hydrolysate processes, rather than individual peptides. The separation methods limit the application of bioactive
Bioactive proteins and peptides The separated proteins such as IgY and phosvitin can be used to produce bioactive peptides and used in areas such as nutrition supplements, bioactive cosmetics and pharmaceutical areas (Thibodeau et al., 2017). Phosphopeptides from phosvitin are important components used in the production of pharmaceutical products, functional foods, and cosmetic health products (Moon et al., 2014). Phosvitin has a great capacity for metal chelation which gives it strong antioxidant potentialities.
lipids in industries such as the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical sectors. However, bioactive peptides and bioactive lipids have great opportunities in the animal feed, agri-food and human health-related industries. With effective separation methods to isolate the value- added components (such as bioactive proteins and lipids) from egg yolk, developing new products from the yolk could be an effective way to increase its utilisation in the feed industry, and improve egg-yolk consumption and the consumption of eggs, overall. The diverse use of egg yolk components coupled with effective
separation methods, makes the egg yolk more valuable above the negative perception that it normally carries; improving the egg yolk quality through research with animals would be of added value, for example, dietary supplementation of garlic powder to laying hens increases egg yolk weight and reduces the LDL-cholesterol level (Canogullari et al., 2009).
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