Internet of Things


consumption. The viability of huge LLM- based systems is still in the balance today, in terms of the potential revenues justifying the capital outlay.


Multi-radio, multiprotocol Early IoT devices were typically focused on a single task, such as offering a BLE radio, together with a protocol stack offering profi les defi ned in the Bluetooth specifi cation. They were generally deployed in bespoke closed solutions.


The growing trend is for multiprotocol devices, that offer support for multiple standards – for instance BLE and Thread, or Zigbee. This can allow a device to work in different types of networks. The 2.4 GHz radio band has many different types of radio operating in it, and a device might offer any or all of BLE, Wi-Fi, Thread, Zigbee and ANT+. However other open bands such as the 925/868 MHz sub-Giga band also have multiple radio protocols defi ned, and there are devices that support multiple standards. There are also more devices that support multiple radios operating at different frequencies, either by fully integrated radio processors, or integrated modular solutions.


These simplify the core radio functions for product designers, and allow them to concentrate on solving their domain- specific issues.


Application-level protocols One driver for multiprotocol devices is to create products that support open standards, such as Matter, Apple HomeKit, Google Home, or Amazon’s Sidewalk. These protocols allow devices to interact with third-party systems, with independent interoperability testing available to give confidence to consumers that their products will work seamlessly together. In the professional sphere, there are standards for applications such as lighting, with DALI+ being one example. The cost of supporting these more complex and adaptable solutions is that devices need more non-volatile memory and RAM to support the protocol stacks required. IoT devices have had to grow in capacity to match these requirements.


What next?


Looking forward, all of these trends look set to continue. Devices will continue


to add more computing power, more memory, and diverse and adaptable peripheral systems. Multi-core devices may become the norm, with dedicated processors for different functions such as radio, applications, security, peripherals and advanced AI functions. Security will be an ongoing battle between IoT system designers and malevolent actors. Security functions will become of increasing importance as IoT systems become more integrated and mission critical. Physical tamper protection features will be required and may also become standard.


Conclusions


In the decade or so that IoT has existed as a concept, devices have come a long way. From simple Bluetooth radios, IoT devices are becoming closer to being “mini-computers” offering a wide variety of functions and autonomous operation. This offers both opportunity and challenge for system designers, to make good use of the capabilities on offer whilst maintaining a coherent overall system structure at acceptable cost levels.


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