• • • TEST & MEASUREMENT • • •


server or Multi-access Edge Computing handling the sensor inputs processing and trajectory calculations; • The environment in an AVP facility can be controlled, thus fewer variables need to be considered;


• The requirements for AVP certified vehicles are lower, with no sensors or ADAS necessary; and • The business case is clear, as the capital investment and operational expenses are mainly on the side of the AVP facility operator, with the revenue stream being the parking fees paid by the users when parking their vehicles.


AVP System Architecture


and Interfaces The AVP system architecture comprises of components handling the parking facility, vehicle remote control, user interaction etc. A simplified AVP application-level system architecture is shown in Figure 1.


into driverless operation, handing over authority with user.


It receives and process the sensor inputs, in order to calculate the vehicle manoeuvre trajectory. It then provides instructions to the OEM App in the vehicle using the VMC logical interface.


• OEM Application Server (AS): offers services to the vehicles and to its drivers and passengers by communicating with the OEM App. • User Application Server (AS): offers services for end users by communicating with the User App, e.g., installed on the user’s smart phone. • OEM App: integrates services offered by the OEM AS into vehicles. For the AVP service, it performs the on-board vehicle operation following manoeuvre instructions received via the VMC logical interface. • User app: provides the services offered by User SP AS to the end user


• Interchange: are needed to automate the discovery of AVP SPs and scale up communications between AVP SP ASs and OEM ASs, to avoid full mesh connectivity.


Logical interfaces


important for AVP • Automated Valet Parking Control (AVPC): is used for management and control communications among AVP services, e.g., authentication, service discovery or reservations.


Figure 1 – Simplified AVP application-level system architecture


The components of the AVP application-level system architecture are: • AVP system: AVP system takes care of the infrastructure, like parking facility gates and sensors. It manages the parking facility availability, checks the compatibility between vehicle and parking facility, dispatching vehicle


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• Vehicle Motion Control (VMC): is used for communicating vehicle motion control information (e.g., driving commands and instructions)


AVP Operation Procedure Let us look at the AVP operation from two different angles, so we can understand it better. From the user’s perspective, AVP brings a simple to use


service, that improves comfort, with these phases [3] [4]: • AVP service discovery, where the user checks the availability of a parking spot and reserves it. • Driving to the AVP facility and stopping in the drop off zone.


• The user steps out of the vehicle and hands over authority to the AVP system.


• Enjoying a movie, catching a flight or similar activities.


• While returning to the AVP facility, the user requests for the vehicle to be returned to the pickup zone.


• The user receives back the authority, gets into the vehicle and drives off.


From the point of view of the AVP system, we see the below phases: • Processing of the parking request enquiry and reservation.


• Taking authority of the vehicle and driving the vehicle from the drop of area to the parking spot.


• Re-parking if required, whether for space usage optimisation or to get the vehicle ready for pickup.


• Driving the vehicle to the pickup area and handing over the authority back to the user.


All these phases are combined in Figure 2, which shows the whole procedure for all the involved parties.


Figure 2 – AVP operation sequence ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING • JULY/AUGUST 2023 31


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