ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING


linear trend supports future LMD repair applications once process parameters are optimised.


FUTURE OUTLOOK


Figure 2: Results for a line scan pattern, an oscillation speed of 400 mm/s, a preheat time of 3s, an amplitude of 5 mm and a transverse speed of 1 mm/s


LMD offers new solutions for repair where the feedstocks can be easily changed to meet different repair requirements. The low added cost of weaving wires into mesh makes possible the creation of customised feedstock where the material input density will be controlled by the different weaving methods occurring along the same mesh to control the level of grain refinement and the flexibility of the mesh. This cost efficiency method makes LMD economically advantageous, especially for repair tasks and large-area coatings. In the future, different materials could also be woven together for creating specific metallic meshes for laser deposition application. In addition, laser beam oscillations are used to guarantee a better melt pool stability but could also facilitate the manipulation of the microstructure [3]. Consequently, LMD could be suitable for a wide range of repair operations.


REFERENCES


[1] Girerd, T. et al. Additive Manufacturing Letters, 2025. 14: p. 100301.


Figure 3: Cross sections obtained with laser mesh deposition by modifying the scan strategies and the type of mesh during the process.


to higher dilution and lower contact angle.


LMD was also tested with varying meshes and scan strategies. Figure 3(a) corresponds to the cross section for the mesh 16 while (b) is for the mesh 14. The total measured surface of deposited mesh from the cross section was slightly higher with mesh 16 than mesh 14 (4.62 mm2 5.62 mm2


against for mesh 16) due the


higher mass input of mesh 14. Figure 3(c) and (d) show the cross sections that were obtained with 'line' and 'ellipse' scanning strategies. Both show good substrate bonding, but the line scan’s central fluence maintains a more consistent melt pool than the ellipse scan, giving a more stable deposition.


Overall, LMD demonstrated good repeatability and stability. When the


level of energy is high enough, a good dilution and a good bonding are observed with the substrate, characteristics of a conduction- based process. Hence, small deflection of the mesh was observed sometimes causing the residual melted meshes on the side caused by the design limits. LMD behaves like laser wire deposition. Similar to parametric studies for laser wire deposition, at same fluence level, an increase of feed rate will increase the height reached by the track. If LMD is to be deployed for repair, a good dilution with the substrate is necessary for a good metallurgical bonding [2]. From Figure 2(c), (d) and (e), dilution and height show a linear relation with fluence per volumetric feed rate, and an inverse one with contact angle. Predictability in DED is crucial for repair; thus, this


[2] Akbari, M. & R. Kovacevic. Additive Manufacturing, 2018. 23: p. 487-497.


[3] Dai, G., et al. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 2023. 189: p. 104031.


* Thomas Girerd1 Adamson1


Marco Simonelli1 , Richard , Andres Gameros2


Adam Thomas Clare1,3 1


Columbia, Canada


University of Nottingham, 2 Royce plc, 3


, ; Andy Norton2 Rolls- University of British ;


Thomas.Girerd1@nottingham.ac.uk nottingham.ac.uk


Thomas Girerd is a Research Fellow at the University of Nottingham where he studied direct energy deposition processes for repair during his PhD.


LASER USER 118 DECEMBER 2025 | 23


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