INDIA | COUNTRY REPORT Looking beyond 2030, if India manages to quadruple
generation of nuclear power by 2040, the contribution of nuclear power would increase to 6.2%. This will call for (i) expansion of PHWRs in fleet mode at both the existing sites and green field projects in an accelerated mode, (ii) import of the best PWR technology and its multiplication in India to the maximum extent, including fuel fabrication, and (iii) establishment of a supply chain for serial production of SMRs in India and their deployment at retiring thermal power plants. This will open huge investment opportunities in the nuclear power sector, including private investment. Studies on the cost effectiveness of large nuclear power plants (NPP), if built on time and on schedule, indicate that nuclear power is cost competitive with other form of electricity generation. The cost of construction of a serial design for NOAK (nth of a kind) can bring down the Overnight Capital Cost (OCC) by a further 40-50%.
Selecting nuclear power Most of the developed economies in the world have a sizable nuclear contribution in their power generation programme. For example, nuclear power contributes 18.1% of capacity in the USA, 14.2% in the UK, 62.6% in France, 7.2% in Japan, 30.4% in South Korea, 19.6% in Russia, 14.3% in Canada and 5% in China. Currently, India is building eight NPPs, the second highest number of any nation in the world, after China, which is constructing 21 NPPs. Countries like the USA, France, and
Japan have previously seen nuclear power dominate the energy sector earlier have built hardly any reactors in last two or three decades. In the USA, construction of one Gen III+ reactor (AP1000) at Vogtle-3, which was started in 2013, was connected to the grid earlier this year after a gap of more than three decades. In France, no reactor has been built after 1999 when Civaux 2 was commissioned. Construction of an EPR at Flamanvile-3, which was started in 2004, is yet to be completed due to multiple reasons. Meanwhile the UK is constructing an EPR in Hinkley Point C after a long gap following on from Sizewell-B in 1995. On the contrary, China, India, Russia and other countries, including some newcomers, have been continuing with their respective nuclear energy programmes, while some, such as Germany have adopted nuclear phase-out policies. Germany completely shut down all of its operating reactors recently due to political reasons. Selection of the type of reactors for deployment should be primarily based on the advanced safety features of the reactor and its inherent characteristics to preclude core melt scenarios. This is critical even in the case of extreme external events for extended periods of time without interventions by an operator. Commercial competitiveness, and sustainable models of collaboration to support the entire life cycle of NPPs are also important considerations. Nuclear energy is a safe, clean and reliable, which can potentially replace carbon-based sources of energy. ■
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