Further to this, in 2022, India is set to put in place stricter standards for passenger vehicle fuel efficiency. These new standards will set the efficiency targets for new cars at 113 grams of CO2
per kilometer.4
To comply with these new standards, car manufacturers are under pressure to improve the fuel economy of their vehicles. If they fail to meet these new targets, manufacturers in certain regions face significant fines and penalties that could amount to billions of dollars each year.
Regulations limiting CO2 emissions have become a
challenge and opportunity for lubricant formulators and car manufacturers alike. As the challenge ramps up, PAO technology will remain an important and cost-effective solution for increasing fuel economy in passenger vehicles.
Passenger car CO2 emission and fuel consumption values, normalised to NEDC
and cool these modules. This single-fluid solution must also show highly desirable electrical properties. Conventional PAOs and mineral-oil base stocks are not as suitable for heat transfer fluids and multipurpose fluids in such EV applications as these new generation of PAOs.
EVs have posed new challenges and requirements. The batteries and e-motors need adequate cooling to ensure safety and optimal performance, and, therefore, thermal management has become a major challenge. While indirect liquid cooling (typically using water/glycol) has been an effective method, this process leads to efficiency loss and reduces cooling performance. In contrast, direct cooling can offer a more efficient alternative. But direct cooling requires fluids with a different set of properties. Material compatibility and desirable electrical properties with long life are critical parameters that can provide significant challenges for e-fluid formulation using conventional base stocks.
Updated May 2020 Details at
www.theicct.org/chart-library-passenger-vehicle-fuel-economy
EV batteries and e-motors present new cooling challenges Vehicles powered by internal combustion engines are not expected to disappear anytime soon. But increasingly stringent emissions regulations and supportive policies have expanded the EV market worldwide. In 2020, ten million EVs were on the road, and EV sales were nearly 5% of the total car sales worldwide.5
EV hardware is also changing from designs based on separate componentry to integrated e-modules. This shift provides an opportunity to move from multiple fluids to a single-fluid solution that can lubricate
[Accessed: 12-Dec-2021]. 5
Developing PAO basestocks To help improve fuel economy and energy efficiency, formulators are seeking to develop lower viscosity oils without compromising on performance. The technical requirements of these lower viscosity oils are difficult to achieve with conventional PAO technologies. Formulators need new base stocks to meet rising fuel economy targets. Base stock suppliers are responding by developing new base stocks to help formulate low-viscosity oils.
Improved low viscosity, low volatility (LVLV) PAO base stocks could meet the need to help formulators rise to the challenge of higher fuel economy, energy efficiency, and durability expectations within the automotive industry. These base stocks offer lower viscosity, lower volatility, and higher oxidation resistance than conventional PAOs and mineral oil base stocks.
These new LVLV PAO base stocks also exhibit lower traction coefficient, leading to improved energy efficiency and potentially extending driving range, making them suited for low-viscosity EV driveline fluids.
4 “India: Light-duty: Fuel consumption,” Transport Policy. [Online]. Available:
https://www.transportpolicy.net/standard/india-light-duty-fuel-consumption/.
IEA, “Policies to promote electric vehicle deployment – Global EV outlook 2021 – analysis,” IEA. [Online]. Available:
https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev- outlook-2021/policies-to-promote-electric-vehicle-deployment. [Accessed: 12-Dec-2021].
Continued on page 16 LUBE MAGAZINE NO.168 APRIL 2022 15
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