NUTRITION ▶▶▶
Table 2 – Effect of dietary treatment on mycotoxins levels (ng/ml) in colostrum and milk.
T1
Colostrum ZEN
α-ZEL DON
Milk ZEN
α-ZEL DON
0.053
0.094a 0.75
0.120
0.062a 2.98
T2 0.048
0.066a 0.36
0.130
0.176b 3.19
T3 0.075
0.218b 0.76
0.115
0.156b 2.37
LSD
0.0624 0.0793 1.013
0.0823 0.0920 1.932
P-value 0.62
<0.01 0.63
0.93
0.043 0.64
a,b Different superscripts indicate significant differences among treatments (P ≤ 0.05). b-ZEL, ZAN, α-ZAL, b-ZAL, and de-DON were not detected in the samples.
Increase of α-ZEL levels in milk A significant increase in α-ZEL levels was observed in the co- lostrum of sows receiving T3, that is, those fed a HiZEN diet from day 109 until farrowing. When the milk was evaluated at weaning, increased α-ZEL levels were observed in sows fed the T2 and T3 diets, that is, those fed a HiZEN diet from far- rowing to weaning or from day 109 to weaning, respectively (Table 2). When the milk was evaluated at weaning, a significant in- crease in α-ZEL levels was observed in sows fed a HiZEN diet
Table 3 – Effect of treatments on the mycotoxins levels (ng/ml) in the serum from sows and piglets.
T1
Sows Day 109 of gestation ZEN
α-ZEL b-ZEL DON
de-DON
Day 26 weaning ZEN
α-ZEL b-ZEL DON
de-DON
Piglets at weaning ZEN
α-ZEL b-ZEL DON
de-DON
0.066 0.148 0.057 0.445 -
0.43a 0.94a 0.23a 3.07 0.11
0.024 0.011 0.042
0.045a 0.040a
T2
0.076 0.266 0.053 0.477 -
1.08b 3.09b 0.37b 3.21 0.53
0.020 0.012 0.040
0.045a 0.040a
T3
0.066 0.258 0.081 0.929 -
1.11b 3.42b 0.53c 2.10 0.15
0.024 0.040 0.041
0.099b 0.058b
LSD
0.0443 0.2960 0.0378 0.8210 -
0.281 0.984 0.131 1.919 0.543
0.0232 0.0279 0.0035 0.0469 0.0160
P-value
0.84 0.64 0.27 0.11 -
<0.001 <0.001 <0.01 0.42 0.22
0.91 0.08 0.59 0.05 0.05
a-c Different superscripts indicate significant differences among treatments (P ≤ 0.05). ZAN, α-ZAL, b-ZAL were not detected in the samples.
46 ▶ PIG PROGRESS | Volume 37, No. 2, 2021
from farrowing to weaning, regardless of the ZEN level before farrowing. DON levels in colostrum and milk were similar among the groups, since the dietary levels of DON were the same for all sows.
Increase in mycotoxin serum levels At the start of the trial, no differences were observed in the serum levels of mycotoxins. However, at the end of the trial, that is, day 26 of lactation, a significant increase was ob- served in the serum levels of ZEN, α-ZEL and β-ZEL of sows fed diets T2 and T3 when compared with the control (T1). Al- though there were no significant differences in the levels of ZEN in the serum taken from piglets, the serum levels of DON and de-epoxy-deoxynivalenol (de-DON) were significantly high in the piglets fed T3, together with a trend of increased α-ZEL level in the serum from piglets (Table 3). As expected, dietary exposure to ZEN and DON at these levels did not affect the performance of sows and piglets. Further- more, there was a decrease in backfat thickness combined with a decrease in serum leptin in sows exposed to 300 ppb ZEN during the last week of gestation. Backfat consists of wa- ter, collagen and lipid and is also a source of various hor- mones including leptin, which is positively correlated with backfat thickness.
Decreased serum levels of oestradiol Serum levels of oestradiol were significantly decreased in piglets from sows fed HiZEN diet from day 109 of gestation or from farrowing up to weaning. In the past, we have shown that ZEN exposure during lactation would result in a depletion of the pool of gametes present in the ovaries of female piglets due to the oestradiol depletion caused by ZEN. Therefore, although production performance was not impaired, the exposed female piglets should not enter re- production programmes. There was a significant decrease in the serum GLP1 and an increase in calprotectin serum levels in piglets that were ex- posed during the last week of gestation and during lacta- tion when compared to mycotoxin exposure during lacta- tion only. Increased serum calprotectin levels indicate that inflammation was taking place. The decrease in the serum levels of the gut hormone GLP1, which also has an anti-in- flammatory effect in the intestine, supports the hypothesis that piglets from the sows fed HiZEN and DON diets were experiencing inflammation.
Concluding: Transmission is possible In conclusion, it is possible to determine ZEN, DON and their derivatives in the colostrum and milk from sows fed con- taminated diets with mycotoxins at practical EU levels. Ex- posure to HiZEN resulted in a decrease in backfat thickness at farrowing, and this effect was correlated with a decrease in leptin serum levels in sows. Also, such an exposure
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