were contaminated with more than one mycotoxin, and co-occurring mycotoxins can have synergistic effects, making them more powerful than each mycotoxin individually. This composition of risks for ruminants has been poorly ad- dressed, and in practice only around half of the Dairy Global/ Biomin webinar participants reported that they analyse their silage for mycotoxins. To better understand these risks, one study was conducted to evaluate the exposure of European dairy cows to mycotoxins through maize silage and to assess the impact of the four
Figure 1 - Portion of contaminated maize silage samples by the twelve most relevant mycotoxins analysed from silage pits around Europe.
All mycot.
Erg. Alk. OTA AfB1
ENNB ENNB1 CUL EMO
HT-2 FB1 NIV DON ZEN BEA
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
most relevant toxins on bovine intestinal cells. Between 2014 and 2018, 158 samples of maize silage from Europe were ana- lysed for 61 mycotoxins. The 12 most relevant are shown in Figure 1, selected for their prevalence and known detrimen- tal effects on cows. On average, each sample was contaminat- ed by 13 different mycotoxins (Figure 1). Aflatoxins (AfB1), Ochratoxin A (OTA) and ergot alkaloids were less common in maize silage. These results are of particular interest since afla- toxins (e.g. AfB1) are among the most feared mycotoxins by the dairy industry; however, there are many mycotoxins more commonly found in maize silage which also threaten the health of dairy cows. Zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) and HT-2, which are all well-known mycotoxins from the trichoth- ecenes family, were found in a large portion of the samples, but emerging mycotoxins, which are mycotoxins that are nei- ther routinely measured nor legislatively regulated, were the most common mycotoxins found in this survey. The Biomin World Mycotoxin Survey also found rising incidence of emerg- ing mycotoxins. Beauvericin and enniatins, emerging myco- toxins that can damage the immune system, were especially prevalent in Europe and the Americas. This represents an enor- mous challenge since very little has been done to understand the risks they pose to livestock, especially ruminants.
Under SARA, more toxins pass intact Another recent study explored the degradation of mycotoxins
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