peas is increasing. Portions of crops which are not suitable for human consumption have been investigated for over two decades as a feed component that could partially or fully replace protein sources such as SMB and other ingredi- ents such as cereal grains in beef, sheep, dairy cattle, pigs and poultry. In addition to protein, cull peas and beans also contain carbohydrates and are therefore a source of dietary energy. Field peas have high digestibility and crude protein levels and are low in fibre. They have been shown to be highly palatable for beef cattle and may be most suitable for use when both palatability and nutrient density are more important, for example in creep feeds and receiving diets. Chickpeas are being evaluated for their nutritional value as a feed component for ruminants. Faba beans pres- ent an on-farm option for a protein component of cattle feed that can be processed on the farm. They contain little oil and no anti-nutritional enzymes and therefore do not need roasting. Cull edible beans (navy, pinto, kidney, and so on) can be fed to cattle at a level of 10-20% of the ration dry matter, as higher levels may cause diarrhoea. It is recommended that producers adapt cattle slowly to diets containing cull edible beans.
3
Insect meal Insect meal is a growing alternative to other feed protein sources such as SBM. It is nutritious, eco- nomical and can be produced locally. Insect meals
can contain up to about 80% protein, as well as fatty acids and antimicrobial peptides. In particular, black soldier fly meal is much higher in lipids and calcium compared to SBM. It is particularly suitable to feed insect protein to some
livestock types such as some fish and poultry because insects are a natural source of food for their wild counterparts. Be- cause insects consume food waste, this protein ingredient is highly-sustainable and insect meal is therefore known as a ‘circular economy’ feed. Insect meal production for a variety of livestock sectors is ramping up in Europe, North America, Australia and beyond, but it will take time for capacity to in- crease significantly. There are concerns about accurate label- ling and also inputs. Scientists are currently examining meth- ods of testing to ensure the contents of a given insect meal product matches the labelling in terms of the insect species, and more importantly, that the insects have not been fed any animal products. Feeding animal products to insects is pro- hibited in most parts of the world, as it’s prohibited for any other livestock species, in order to prevent potential trans- mission of zoonotic diseases such as prion diseases. Although there is huge potential in insect meal, experts sya we need more study to determine whether there is sustainable profit- ability in its production. In addition, more promotion of in- sect meal as a feed ingredient is needed to build consumer interest and acceptance.
4
Brewer’s spent grains (BSG) Brewer’s spent grains (BSG) is the residue which is obtained from brewing based on barley, wheat, maize, rice or oats. It has long been a traditional
feed component for cattle and has been fed on a limited basis in some countries to pigs. It is a highly-palatable, wet, low- cost protein feed ingredient that is also rich in lipids and fibre. It is low in starch (energy) and requires a nitrogen source such as urea to provide the full complement of amino acids re- quired by cows. BSG also contains high levels of vitamins and
▶ ALL ABOUT FEED | Volume 29, No. 4, 2021 19
Canola meal has a protein quality and amino acid profile close to that of SBM.
PHOTO: MISSET
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