TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION TECHNOLOGY
the most competitive source of new power, according to a new report by DNV (Fig. 1). T e green energy transformation has fl ooded the grid with inverter-dominated generation plants which, as is well known, introduces completely new dynamics to the grid. In the past, large synchronous generators fed cities and industry alike, robustly withstanding disturbances in the power grid due to their large inertia. In contrast, renewable inverter-dominated power plants trade-off that robustness with a higher degree of control and reaction speed. T is combination of synchronous generation and renewable plants must be properly managed in the common goal of maintaining a reliable power system. It is for this reason that grid codes are increasing the requirements on wind and PV farms to not only inject power to the grid but also to aid its stable operation. Considering that continental grids
interconnect large amounts of generators and loads with a highly meshed architecture, the stability of the system can be compromised by faults or temporary load imbalances.
INTER-AREA OSCILLATIONS One of the issues that is commonly observed in these types of systems is inter-
STRONG AND STABLE P
José Montero explains how to provide grid stability with advanced power oscillation damping controls
ower generation has rapidly changed in recent years. Electrifi cation is on course to double in size within a generation and renewables are already
area oscillations. T ese usually occur in lines that interconnect large power systems and are observed as a power oscillation typically between 0.1 and 1Hz. In the past, these oscillations were damped using power system stabilisers on large turbine generation. However, with the increase in the installed capacity of PV generation, countries such as Mexico and Spain are requiring that power plant controllers (PPC) are capable of providing this service. T is type of service is commonly referred to as power oscillation damping (POD).
POD CONTROL GreenPowerMonitor (GPM), a DNV company, developed the GPM POD2, a control technique that is capable of detecting when one of these power system oscillations occur and of sending the adequate setpoints to the inverters to successfully damp the oscillation. T e basis of this control is that it
activates upon detecting the oscillation and produces power setpoints in counterphase to the observed disturbance. T is control technique can operate by acting upon the active or the reactive power output of the plant and has been seen to successfully increase the damping ratio of the disturbance. However, there is a caveat to this control technique. To help reduce the oscillations, the plant must be capable of reacting around
10 times faster than the period of the oscillation. If the plant’s meter or inverters are not fast enough, this control would in fact reduce the damping ratio of the oscillation, making the plant unstable.
CASE STUDY T e case study that was simulated in the development of this new control was based on the Spanish National Technical Systems (NTS) requirements. Here, two large generators are interconnected by an inter-area line. At a given point, the voltage of one of the generators is stepped down, producing an oscillatory disturbance on the power fl ow of the inter-area line. T e impedance of the inter-area line can be modifi ed, changing the frequency of the disturbance and allowing testing of the GPM POD control for the frequencies between 0.1 and 1Hz. T e GPM POD control was proved to successfully increase damping of the inter-area disturbances for the wide range of frequencies given that the PV plant response time constraint was considered. Fig. 2 compares the simulation results with and without POD control of the damping of a 0.4Hz inter-area disturbance using the NTS study case and a 200ms loop time GPM PPC model acting on the active power output of the plant. As observed, the GPM PPC is capable
of supporting the damping of the 0.4Hz oscillation. T e POD control is integrated into the GPM PPC PSSE model and can be used to prove compliance with POD requirements in any of our controlled plants.
ENERGY TRANSITION Energy effi ciency remains the biggest opportunity to tackling climate change as the world drifts further away from
DNV’s Energy Transition Outlook provides an independent forecast of developments in the global energy system to 2050
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