Anatomy & Physiology of a Cell
Before diving more deeply into cel- lular endocrinology, perhaps it would be benefi cial to review the anatomy and physiology of a cell. As you may remember from biology classes gone by, human cells are eukaryotic, meaning that each cell con- tains a membrane-bound nucleus, genetic material, a plasma membrane, ribosomes, and cytoplasm. Human cells also contain membrane-bound structures called organ- elles, including mitochondria, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, and ribosomes.
• The nucleus is the largest organ- elle in a cell, and contains genetic information called chromosomes. It’s widely known as the “control center” of every cell.
• Mitochondria are tube-like struc- tures that have highly-folded inner membranes. They utilize cellular food (glucose) to create useable energy for the cell (ATP) in a process called respiration. Depending on the energy needs of a particular cell, the number of mitochondria inside can vary greatly. You may remember these as the “powerhouses” of a cell.
• Ribosomes are tiny structures resid- ing in the cytoplasm and alongside parts of the endoplasmic reticu- lum. They produce proteins, and therefore are the “protein factories” within a cell.
• Proteins manufactured by the ribo- somes and other lipids within a cell are shunted to the Golgi apparatus for packaging and transit prepara- tion, which has given rise to this organelle’s nickname: the cellular “post offi ce.” This organelle also produces lysosomes, tiny envelopes of digestive enzymes, that become useful in the case of autophagy and apoptosis.
• Proteins and other materials are shuttled in and out of the cell via a network of fl uid-fi lled membra- nous tubes called the endoplasmic reticulum, which has given rise to its apt nickname, the “transport system” of each cell.
Each of these organelles fi ll important roles in the normal and health metabolism of each cell, and can be compromised signifi cantly in disease processes like dia- betes, leading to dysfunction in necessary processes like glucose metabolism, energy production, autophagy, and apoptosis.
Robert Murphy, N.D. Jonathan Raistrick, N.D., MSTCM Christina Amicone, N.D. Hannah Gale, N.D., Lac Jennifer Goto, N.D.
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