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With extreme weather on rise, search is on for hardier crops Seed scientists at Mexican center work with country’s ancient wheat and corn varieties, seeking to give farmers more drought- and heat-resistant options
BY MICA ROSENBERG IN EL BATAN, MEXICO
M
ore than 500 years after Spanish priests brought wheat seeds to Mexico to
make wafers for the Catholic Mass, thoseseedsmaybringanew kind of salvation to farmers hit by globalwarming. Scientists working in the farm-
inghillsoutsideMexicoCityfound that ancient wheat varieties have particular drought- and heat-re- sistant traits, including longer roots that suck up water and a capacitytostoremorenutrients in their stalks. They are crossing the plants
with other strains developed at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center in El Batan to growtypes ofwheat that can fight off the ill effects of rising temperatures aroundtheworld. “It’s like putting money in the
bank to use, in this case, for a not rainy day,” scientist Matthew Reynolds saidof the resilientMex- icanwheathis teamcollected. Seed breeders say they are the
first line of defense protecting farmers from climate change, widely expected to cause average
“It’s like putting money in the bank to use, in this case, for a not rainy day.” —Matthew Reynolds,scientist
global temperatures to rise be- tween 1 and 3 degrees over the next 50years. As a result, intensified drought,
along with more intense and un- predictable rainfall, couldhit crop yields and lead to food shortages andspikes incommodityprices. In Mexico, small farmers are
grapplingwith the effects of unfa- vorableweather that scientists say is exacerbated by climate change. Last year the country sawthe low- est rainfall in 68 years, and this year an active hurricane season battered corn-growing areas near theU.S. border. Corn farmer Cesar Longoria,
56, said his family’s harvest droppedby30percent inthe2009 drought, and that more than half his fields inReynosawere ravaged by floods in July when Hurricane
“For the people that depend on corn, [extreme weather] is a tragedy.” —Carlos Salazar
food prices have led to riots and socialunrest. Russia’sworst drought inmore
ELIANA APONTE/REUTERS
Ascientist inspects plants in a cornfield at the InternationalMaize and Wheat Improvement Center nearMexico City. The center is experimenting with drought- and heat-resistant crop varieties.
AlexhammerednorthernMexico. “For the people that depend on
corn, this is a tragedy,” said Carlos Salazar, head ofMexico’s national corn growers association. “They have to buy more expensive corn to feed themselves and their ani- mals.” The number of hungry people in the world had been rising for
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more than a decade, reaching a record spike in 2009 triggered by the economic crisis and high do- mesticfoodpricesinseveraldevel- oping countries. Nearly 1 billion people were
considered undernourished this year, saidtheUnitedNationsFood andAgricultureOrganization in a report this week, and jumps in
than a century has led to a rise in wheat prices that is reverberating around the world. In Mozam- bique, 13 people were killed as protests over a 30 percent rise in theprice of breadturnedviolent. In India, the world’s second-
largest wheat producer, rising temperatures could cut crop out- put by up to 25 percent in the next half century as the population booms. India was one of the first nations to receive the benefits of innovative techniques of Nobel Peace Prize-winning plant scien- tistNormanBourlag, thearchitect of the Green Revolution that helped pull the country from the brink of famine. Bourlag started his pioneering
research in the 1940s in Mexico, considered a birthplace of corn, where native varieties of the grain dating to long before the Spanish conquest survive. While themaizeandwheat cen-
ter, fundedbygovernments,devel- opment banks and foundations, sends improved wheat and corn seeds around the world, even the lines best adapted in the laborato- ry to climate extremes will fail unless farmers adopt methods of conserving water and recovering depletedsoil. Thousands of seeds are stored
in the center’s seed bank, where containers filled with red, blue, yellow and white corn are pre- served in a refrigerated vault. The genes of some are being mapped to isolate useful traits that could produce improvedlines. “Many of these land races have
been around for tens of thou- sands, if notmillions, of years and have lived through wide varia- tions in the climate,” Thomas Payne at the seedbank said. “They hold valuable information that canbe used to confront the uncer- tainties of the future.”
—Reuters
MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 20, 2010
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