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Part II Nutrition Assessment, Consequences, and Implications


electrolytes. Yet when dehydration is a correctible or, more importantly, a preventable condition, teamwork is critical to improve quality of life for each and every older adult.


REFERENCES 1. Schlanger LE, Bailey JL, Sands JM. Electrolytes in the aging. Adv Chron Kidney Dis. 2010;17(4):308-319. doi:10.1053/j.ackd.2010.03.008.


2. American Medical Directors Association. Dehydration and Fluid Maintenance: Clinical Practice Guideline. Columbia, MD: American Medical Directors Associa- tion; 2009.


3. Bernstein M, Munoz N; Academy of Nutrition and Die- tetics. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietet- ics: food and nutrition for older adults: promoting health and wellness. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012;112:1255– 1277.


4. US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Aging, Alzheimer’s Disease Edu- cation and Referral Center. Promoting successful eating in long-term care: relationships with residents are key. www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers/features/promoting-suc- cessful-eating-long-term-care-relationships-residents- are-key. Published July 1, 2006. Updated February 26, 2015. Accessed December 29, 2015.


5. Buie VC, Owings MF, DeFrances CJ, Golosinskiy A. National Hospital Discharge Survey: 2006 Summary. National Center for Health Statistics, Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Vital Health Stat. 2010;13(168):7-8. www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_13/ sr13_168.pdf. Accessed December 29, 2015.


6. Faes MC, Spigt MG, Rikkert O. Dehydration in geriat- rics. Geriatr Aging. 2007;10(9):590-596. www.medscape .com/viewarticle/567678. Accessed January 3, 2015.


7. Vivanti A, Harvey K, Ash S, Battistutta D. Clinical assessment of dehydration in older people admitted to hospital: what are the strongest indicators? Arch Geron- tol Geriatr. 2008;47(3):340-355. www.globalaging .org/health/world/2008/dehydration.pdf. Accessed December 29, 2015.


8. Buie VC, Owings MF, DeFrances CJ, Golosinskiy A. National Hospital Discharge Survey: 2006 Summary. Number of all listed diagnoses for discharge from short- stay hospitals by ICD-9-CM code, sex, age, and geo- graphic region. National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vital Health Stat. 2010;13(168). www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ nhds/10Detaileddiagnosesprocedures/2010det10_num- beralldiagnoses.pdf. Accessed January 5, 2015.


9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The National Hospital Discharge Survey. www.cdc.gov/ nchs/nhds.htm. Accessed January 8, 2015.


10. Ouslander JG, Lamb G, Perloe M, Givens JH, Kluge L, Rutland T, Atherly A, Saliba D. Potentially avoidable hospitalizations of nursing home residents: frequency, causes, and costs: [see editorial comments by Drs. Jean F. Wyman and William R. Hazzard, pp 760-761]. J Am


Geriatr Soc. 2010;58(4):627-635. doi 10.1111/j.1532 -5415.2010.02768.x.


11. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Methods for esti- mating fluid requirements. Nutrition Care Manual. http://nutritioncaremanual.org/topic.cfm?ncm_toc_ id=255407&highlight=fluid%20equations. Accessed January 4, 2015.


12. Popkin BM, D’Anci KE, Rosenberg IH. Water, hydra- tion and health. Nutr Rev. 2010:68(8):439-458.


13. Maughan R. Hydration, morbidity, and mortality in vul- nerable populations. Nutr Rev. 2012;70(suppl 2): S152-S155.


14. Maughan RJ. Impact of mild dehydration on wellness and on exercise performance. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003;57 (suppl 2):S19-S23. www.nature.com/ejcn/journal/v57/ n2s/full/1601897a.html. Accessed January 8, 2015.


15. Armstrong LE. Challenges of linking chronic dehydra- tion and fluid consumption to health outcomes. Nutr Rev. 2012;70(suppl 2):S121-S127. doi 10.1111/ j.1753-4887.2012.00539.x.


16. Army Medical. Blood, electrolytes, and intravenous infusions: 2-10 normal fluid loss. http://armymedical. tpub.com/MD0564/MD05640027.htm. Accessed July 17, 2014.


17. Bhave G, Neilson EG. Volume depletion versus dehy- dration: how understanding the difference can guide therapy. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011;58(2):302–309.


18. Pinto S, Sales-Payump MH. Evidence-based care Sheet, hydration: maintaining oral hydration in older adult. CINAHL Information System; 2011.


19. Beers MH, Berkow R. The Merck Manual of Geriatrics. 3rd ed. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Labo- ratories; 2009:563.


20. Shephard A. Measuring and managing fluid balance. Nurs Times. 2011:107:28. www.nursingtimes.net/nursing- practice/specialisms/nutrition/measuring-and-managing- fluid-balance/5032614.article. Accessed January 8, 2015.


21. Thomas DR, Cote TR, Lawhorne L, Levenson SA, Rubenstein LZ, Smith DA, Stefanacci RG, Tangalos EG, Morley JE; the Dehydration Council. Understand- ing clinical dehydration and its treatment. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2008;9:292-301.


22. Krau SD. Heat-related illness: a hot topic in critical care. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 2013;25(2):251- 262. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2013.02.012.


23. MedCalc: Hyponatremia and hypernatremia. www .medcalc.com/sodium.html. Published January 23, 2002. Updated January 27, 2010. Accessed January 8, 2014.


24. Eckstein L, Adams K, eds. Dietetics in Health Care Com- munities. Pocket Resource for Nutrition Assessment. Chi- cago, IL: Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics; 2013.


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