OPPORTUNITIES 25
Directorate-General (Haver et al. 2012). As a result, emergency livelihood interventions focusing on reduc- ing food insecurity became more prominent in ECHO’s portfolio of activities. Formal communications expanded on this change and provided clarification on how ECHO- funded humanitarian activities could go beyond pro- viding for immediate emergency needs and include programming to assist affected populations to rebuild in ways that protect them from future shocks or crises.
Coordination of the two arms continues to evolve.
Two EC/EU resilience-building initiatives—the Global Alliance for Resilience Initiative (AGIR) Sahel and Sup- porting the Horn of Africa’s Resilience (SHARE)—are mobilizing substantial resources (€750 million9
[more
than US$1 billion] over the next three years and €270 million [nearly $370 million] in 2012 and 2013, respec- tively) to increase the coordination between humanitar- ian and development assistance (European Commission 2013). In March 2012, a new resilience communication outlined ten steps to enhance resilience capacities that will build on the successes of AGIR Sahel and SHARE. Te communication represents a commitment to priori- tize funding for initiatives that enhance resilience capacity over the period 2014–2020 and, importantly, to mix short-term and medium- to long-term funding streams (European Commission 2012). A recent example of the commitment to fund resilience-building initiatives is the €3.65 million ($4.87 million) grant provided to three consortia (led by Action Aid, Save the Children, and Caritas) to increase resilience of vulnerable communities in Bangladesh to natural hazard risks (ReliefWeb 2013).
• United States Agency for International Develop- ment: USAID has also recently demonstrated greater commitment to supporting resilience programming. In response to the crisis in the Horn of Africa, USAID began to implement country-level joint planning cells involving USAID missions, the Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance, and Food for Peace in order to eliminate the gap between emergency and develop- ment responses.
Tis strategic commitment to improved coordination of funding streams allows for integration of emergency
responses with longer-term resilience programming (for example, augmenting development initiatives with crisis modifiers) (USAID 2012).
• International Fund for Agricultural Development: IFAD has recently developed several multiyear financing windows designed to scale up and integrate resilience programming across its investment portfolio. One such effort is the Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture Programme (ASAP), which improves production while increasing smallholder farmers’ capacities to manage short- and long-term climate risks and reduce losses from weather-related disasters (IFAD 2014a). Launched in late 2012, ASAP has become the largest global financ- ing source dedicated to enhancing the resilience of poor smallholder farmers to climate change (IFAD 2014b). Finance reports from 2013 show US$298 million geared toward programming in Asia and the Pacific, Africa, and Central and South America.
• Rockefeller Foundation: In late 2013, the Rockefeller Foundation, in collaboration with DFID and the Asian Development Bank, launched a trust fund to enhance urban climate change resilience in 25 Asian cities. Te Urban Climate Change Resilience Partner- ship commits to funding planning and projects that will help increase the resilience of city populations, particularly the urban poor, to climate change and the overwhelming in-migration from rural areas. Te fund comprehensively strengthens resilience by support- ing grants to projects that reduce exposure to risk via physical investments (for example, drainage, housing and flood protection, wastewater systems) as well as projects that enhance resilience capacities (such as early warning systems, regulation reform, water and land use planning).
Te foundation recently awarded Mercy Corps
US$1.2 million in support of scaling up urban climate change resilience in Indonesia, with a primary focus on enhancing transformative capacities. Mercy Corps will use the grant to engage with national policy, de- velop guidelines and a national platform for learning and exchange, and strengthen the capacity of city-level
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