12 RESILIENCE PROGRAMMING AMONG NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS


transformative capacities for populations practicing and transitioning out of pastoralism. Additionally, PRIME incorporated comprehensive and


ongoing risk analysis, including an Emergency Market Mapping and Analysis (EMMA) and gender analyses. On- going risk analysis includes the involvement of local govern- ment institutions in the climate vulnerability and capacity analysis and participatory scenario development processes, which the project hopes will contribute to enhanced trans- formative capacity via commitment to and ownership of the project’s natural resource management activities. PRIME’s integrated and holistic programming ap-


proach employs integrated, layered, and sequenced cross- sectoral initiatives (for example, nutrition, early warning systems, skills transfer including literacy and numeracy) that support and protect core programming activities (market linkages) and strengthen the resilience of pastoral- ist households and those transitioning out of pastoralism through their increased absorptive, adaptive, and transfor- mative capacities. PRIME initiatives designed to preserve the stability of


pastoral livelihoods by improving their absorptive capac- ity include developing early warning criteria and indica- tors, piloting fodder insurance during times of stress, and supporting national institutions to improve pastoralist early warning systems. Planners expect these efforts, if sustained, to contribute to transformative capacity by stimulating systemic change for early warning policy and procedures. Absorptive capacity is also expected to be strengthened by increasing market access through improved linkages between producers, retailers, whole- salers, and government structures, which also contributes to enhanced transformative capacity within large-scale marketing structures. Resilience-building efforts designed to improve adaptive


capacity include promoting nonpastoral livelihood strate- gies for populations who are transitioning out of pastoral- ism (for example, life and business skills, financial literacy, technical/vocational capacity) and improved access to cli- mate information. Such solutions are implemented through community action planning and linkages to economic opportunities. PRIME also partners with public and private service providers to make small business start-up easier for transitioning populations.


Generally, the project’s approach to increasing resil-


ience by stimulating systemic change in pastoral Ethio- pia revolves around supporting government bureaus to streamline and clarify the systems and roles required for the livestock industry’s growth, as well as around strength- ening private-sector trade associations and disseminating targeted policy research. Recognizing social capital as a vital element in


strengthening resilience at the community level, PRIME promotes positive socioeconomic relations among diverse clans and ethnic groups by supporting their communities to develop shared arrangements around access to and management of key resource areas, market centers, and service posts. This initiative may prove challenging: during baseline data collection, major conflicts within woredas (districts) negatively impacted data collection. PRIME has compiled a variety of indicators to


measure changes in resilience over time and has incorpo- rated them into various systems for continual resilience monitoring. For example, the Crisis Modifier Commit- tee is developing early warning criteria linked to woreda- specific weather data and a set of predictive indicators concerning nutrition, livestock, and markets. Specific action steps are outlined for when criteria are triggered. PRIME aims to strengthen the capacity of government- sponsored business service centers to recommend al- ternative livelihood strategies using indicators that rank these livelihoods in terms of their resilience or adaptive capacity to climate change. Finally, PRIME is facilitat- ing annual workshops with stakeholders representing various ecosystems (including cross-border participants when appropriate) to review monitoring information, track changes at the ecosystem level, and assess any ecosystem-level impact (positive or negative) of local development plans. As a recently initiated effort, the PRIME project offers


limited opportunity for assessing challenges and limita- tions experienced by NGOs in implementing programming to enhance resilience capacity. However, even in its short life-span, local and regional conflict in one of its areas of implementation (the Somali region of Ethiopia) has chal- lenged effective implementation, making it very difficult— and dangerous—to mobilize resources, collect data (for


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