Programming
W
hat are the common themes and characteristics of the resilience programming models and measurement approaches currently being used by NGOs?
Tis section provides an overview, beginning with a discussion of a review framework that de- scribes resilience principles. To illustrate how the principles are enacted, activities from a sample of NGOs are briefly reviewed. Tis is followed by a summary of the core tenets, ideas, and strat- egies that NGOs are applying to improve navigation through their theories of change. Finally, more detailed examples are provided of the types of resilience programming being implemented by NGOs, highlighting differences in how each contributes to enhancing resilience through im- proved absorptive, adaptive, and transformative capacities.
RESILIENCE PRINCIPLES AND NGO APPLICATIONS
Many development stakeholders take as a statement of fact that resilience is an important innovation for development, one that should inform the conceptual frameworks that define practical aspects of programming. Yet the assertion that resilience represents a genuinely innovative approach to conceptualizing programmatic strategies in development must be supported by a clearly articulated set of principles that describes analytical characteristics of resilience. Te principles are important because they provide criteria with which to review activities across a selection of NGOs. Building on the principles introduced by the RM-TWG and outlined by a common analytical model for resilience measurement, the following five principles highlight the distinctiveness of the resilience concept (Constas, Franken- berger, and Hoddinot 2014):
• Focus on shock dynamics: Resilience as a capacity is exercised, in connection with some disturbance, in both a preparatory and a responsive manner. Te focus on shocks or disturbances includes large-scale distur- bances (covariate shocks) such as catastrophic weather events, geologic events, pests that threaten crops, and epidemic diseases, as well as more localized or indi- vidual events (idiosyncratic shocks). Recognizing that more detailed knowledge of shocks and stressors should be incorporated into resilience programming is fundamental. Te opportunity to understand the way in which a unit (such as a household, community, or institution) or a process (for example, market access by farmers’ groups) is able to respond to a shock requires a thorough analysis of the type of shock and the effects of the shock (both objective and subjective). Tempo- ral features of shocks are also important. Te timing
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