repetitive actions of the muscles of facial expression exert profound changes on the skin’s appearance, known as hyperdynamic wrinkles and folds, which eventually become permanent static changes2
. factors3
Ageing is a complex process involving two important :
■ Facial volume loss ■ Repetitive muscle movements that cause wrinkles and folds. The basics of facial beauty are symmetry,
balance, and proportion. The most significant forces responsible for facial ageing include gravity, soft tissue maturation, skeletal remodelling, muscular facial activity, and photodamage. Ageing in the upper third of the face manifests as rhytides and ptosis of the frontal, glabellar, and brow regions. Beginning in the mid-to-
late-30s, facial ageing becomes more apparent. Wrinkles and fine lines appear around the eyes and mouth, and the upper and lower eyelids begin to sag. As age advances, through to the 50s and 60s, the jaw line begins to sag, the neck skin drops and develops folds, and the tip of the nose begins to drop. Facial ageing is a complex process, and it is
Different types of dermal
fillers or soft tissue augmentation combined with botulinum toxin injection represent an important non-surgical resource that, combined with traditional
techniques, can improve or extend the results.
unlikely that one single procedure or product will resolve all issues for all patients. Over time, there is a loss of volume throughout the face. The movements of muscles weaken the facial areas, causing wrinkles and folds 2
.
How can facial rejuvenation be achieved? There are no techniques that, when used alone, can offer satisfactory results in correcting age-induced damage to the mid-face. Over a
prime-journal.com | June 2013 ❚ 43
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