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AFRICA ENVIRONMENT OUTLOOK 3 • Authors’ Guide


PART 3 ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK


BACKGROUND TO THE ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK


The analytical framework to guide part II authors for the AEO-3 is a hybrid of the Opportunities framework as used in the AEO-2 report and the Drivers-Pressures-State- Exposure-Effects-Actions (DPSEEA) framework commonly used in health and environment assessments.


THE OPPORTUNITIES FRAMEWORK


Figure 1: Key elements of the DPSEEA Framework


Source: Corvalán C, Briggs D, Zielhuis G., (Eds). (2000). Decision-Making in Environmental Health: F


Evidence to Action. Geneva, W


orld Health Organization. rom


The Opportunities framework is an improvement of the Drivers-Pressures-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) approach that is widely used in many reporting processes in Africa. The major difference between the two is that the Opportunities framework includes a slant towards the opportunities that the environment provides for development. This approach focuses on looking at the potential opportunities for reducing poverty and promoting sustainable livelihoods. It starts by


Driving forces


e.g. Economic, political, social & institutional


Action Pressure


e.g. Resource depletion, waste release


Mainstream environment and health into economic development.


State


e.g. Degraded ecosystem services; pollution


Promote sustainable & equitable patterns of production/consumption.


Build capacity to monitor & manage waste & resources.


Exposure


e.g. Exposure and susceptibility to pollution & infections


Effect e.g. Morbidity & mortality Adapted from Corvalán C, Briggs D, Zielhuis G., eds. (21) Source: Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum


Monitor health; improve personal protection from pollution and infections.


Treatment; rehabilitation The DPSEEA framework


taking an inventory of existing resources and looking at trends in the recent past at the scale of interest (local, national, sub-regional or regional); and explaining why the observed trends have occurred.


THE DPSEEA FRAMEWORK


The DPSEEA framework allows for the mapping of a spectrum of environmental health issues. The framework adopts a linear or ‘chain’ approach to mapping environment and health issues from high-level cultural, political Drivers of environmental change to Pressures which modify the physical environment to produce an environment with defined characteristics (State). A particular environmental state will impact humans through varying amounts of Exposure resulting in certain health Effects. Societal responses are, in fact, Actions, applied at the Drivers, Pressures, State, Exposure and Effect levels as part of management efforts. The Actions are aimed at reducing the magnitude of the driving forces, the impact of the pressures, alterations to the state of environmental risks, exposure and effects. The DPSEEA framework is shown in Figure 1.


From a policy perspective, the Actions or responses can be mapped at any point along the DPSEEA framework chain. The Actions may seek to protect or repair a degraded environment, enhance environmental conservation measures or replicate good practices through lesson-learning. The DPSEEA framework recognizes that whether a particular aspect of the environment (a State) results in an Exposure for the individual and whether that exposure results in a health Effect (positive or negative), is influenced by the context. That context may be demographic, social, behavioural, cultural or genetic; and aspects of the context may also be targets for policy and action to improve the health outcome. The context to a large extent determines a society’s vulnerability and/or risk to environmental change. The CCs and sub-regional authors will ensure context issues and opportunities are adequately reflected in the reporting through contextualized analysis and case studies.


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