CHAPTER 2 UnDeRSTanDinG UTiliTy naTURal GaS........................................................................23


Objectives ..................................................................................................................................24 Overview....................................................................................................................................24 General considerations .............................................................................................................25 Odorizing natural Gas ............................................................................................................25


natural Gas—chemical and Physical Properties ......................................................................27 Physical Properties.................................................................................................................27 Vapor Density .........................................................................................................................28 Specific Gravity.......................................................................................................................28 Water Solubility.......................................................................................................................28 Vapor Pressure.......................................................................................................................28 Boiling Point............................................................................................................................29 expansion Rates or liquid/Gas Ratios...................................................................................29 liquefied natural Gas—cryogenic lnG.................................................................................29


chemical Properties—Flammability, health, and Reactivity......................................................30 Flammability............................................................................................................................30 health hazards.......................................................................................................................32 Reactivity ................................................................................................................................34 Summary....................................................................................................................................34


CHAPTER 3 UTiliTy TRanSMiSSiOn anD DiSTRiBUTiOn SySTeM..................................................35


Objectives ..................................................................................................................................36 Overview....................................................................................................................................36 Gathering Systems.....................................................................................................................37 Wells .......................................................................................................................................37 Gathering lines ......................................................................................................................37


Processing Plants ......................................................................................................................37 Transmission..............................................................................................................................38 Rights-of-Way .........................................................................................................................39 Pipeline Markings ...................................................................................................................39 Pipeline construction..............................................................................................................40 compressor Stations ..............................................................................................................41 Storage ...................................................................................................................................41


Distribution .................................................................................................................................42 city Gates / “Gate Stations”....................................................................................................42 Distribution construction.........................................................................................................43 Regulator ................................................................................................................................43 Summary....................................................................................................................................50


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