Feature: Thermal management
Figure 2: Short-term oxidation study: Evolution of the Raman signal intensity for (a) CuO at 500cm-1
, (b) Cu2
O at 640cm-1
, and (c) Cu(OH)2
at 800cm-1
on
bare copper (black squares), graphene-coated copper (blue triangles) and hBN-coated copper (red crosses) on heating from room temperature to 400°C over a period of 45 minutes. The grey area indicates when graphene is etched away upon reaction with ambient oxygen, leaving the copper surface uncoated. The vertical lines indicate where the temperature is ramped up, while being kept constant [Image: Reproduced from Galbiati et al]
Figure 3: Long-term oxidation study: Evolution of the Raman signal intensity for (a) CuO at 500 cm-1 800cm-1
for over 60 hours [Image: Reproduced from Galbiati et al]
Easy temperature-dependent measurements As shown by these two examples, the easy acquisition of temperature-dependent measurements makes it possible to detect new polymorphs and phase changes in both solid and liquid samples. However, the options extend much further than the WAXS/SAXS and Raman studies highlighted here, with other analytical modalities including grazing-incidence XRD to obtain information about surface layers, Fourier-transform infra-red (FT-IR) to uncover the identity of (mostly) organic materials, and light microscopy to understand the surface morphology. In all of these, the availability of temperature-controlled
stages allows rapid cooling and heating, with options for investigating the eff ect of controlled atmosphere, controlled vacuum or humidity.
Stages can also be fi tted with electrical probes allowing
measurement of electrical properties or power devices during testing. With these tools available, microelectronics researchers will fi nd it easier to gain a deeper understanding of potentially useful materials. Such capabilities have clear benefi ts for microelectronics research and product development, particularly the identifi cation of material phases both in bulk and in thin layers, as well as the understanding of nanoparticle characteristics, investigation of molecular assembly or disassembly, and the uncovering of atomic-level structures in metals, semiconductors or organic-based components. With these tools available, electronics design and development
engineers will be better equipped than ever before to identify and use promising materials in their projects, and so remain at the cutting edge of innovation in a rapidly-growing industry.
www.electronicsworld.co.uk November 2022 35
, (b) Cu2
O at 640 cm–1
, and (c) Cu(OH)2 on bare copper (black squares), graphene-coated copper (blue triangles) and hBN-coated copper (red crosses), kept at 50 °C
at
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