characterisation is essential because the BMS algorithm uses the battery model to set control parameters such as those of a Kalman Filter for SOC estimation or power limits based on SOC, and temperature to avoid undervoltage or overvoltage conditions. Later in the BMS development stage, engineers can use the same battery model for system-level closed-loop desktop and real-time systemsimulations. Tools such as Simscape Battery provide multiple approaches to battery modelling, including equivalent circuit, electrochemical, and reduced order modelling using neural networks. Charging speed is a key performance indicator
in EV design and adoption. The high power levels of fast charging stress the batterymaterials and reduce its lifetime. Therefore, it is essential to optimise the power profile during fast charging to ensure maximum charging rate and minimal stress on the battery. This is achieved with a combination of simulation and optimisation. The charging time is minimised while stress factors are kept within acceptable ranges. Production code generation complements BMS design workflows compliant with formal
certification standards in the automotive industry. For example, when LG Chem (now LG Energy Solution) developed the BMS for the Volvo XC90 plug-in hybrid, AUTOSAR was a requirement standard. LG Chem chose to model and simulate the BMS algorithms and behaviours as an integral part of their design workflow. The number of software issues identified in each software release dropped from about 22 to fewer than nine – well below their target for the project. The BMS LG Chem developed for Volvo using
AUTOSAR has achieved ISO 26262 functional safety–based certification for Automotive Safety Integrity Level C (ASIL C).
Using modelling and simulation in BMS design accelerates development, lowers costs and leads to safer more efficient electric vehicles. By thoroughly testing BMS algorithms across a wide range of operating and fault scenarios, engineers can be more confident that the software will perform reliably in real-world conditions, minimising the need for expensive physical testing. This approach ultimately helps ensure the final product not only meets but surpasses industry standards and customer expectations.
Engineers simulate the battery plant model, environment, and BMS algorithms on a desktop computer using behavioural model
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