COMBINED HEAT & POWER
network is maintained in the vessel. It is therefore common to see thermal stores with anti-mixing baffles and diffusion connections in the store. Another reason for maintaining a clear stratification layer within the store is that, once achieved, this layer can be used to control the connected energy sources. The thermal store should be equipped with multiple temperature sensing points down the side of the vessel, five probably being the minimum for a single vessel. The readings from these temperature points can be sent back to the BMS and used to control the energy sources. As an example, if the stratification layer is detected by the temperature points to be in the middle of the vessel and its direction of travel is downward, it can be surmised that the demand in the building is less than the output of the currently operating energy source(s). In other words, the thermal store is ‘filling’ with hot water. At this point, any connected carbon intensive energy sources that are running should be switched off and only renewable, LZC or waste energy source utilised. If the stratification layer continues to travel down the vessel then the waste energy sources should continue to operate until the stratification layer reaches the bottom of the vessel. At this point, all the energy sources should be switched off.
Figure 2 shows how a thermal store is utilised and then ‘refilled’ during the rising and falling demands of a typical day.
Once the stratification layer starts to rise in the vessel i.e. the demand is now greater than the supply and the hot water in the vessel is being utilised, then the waste energy and possibly the LZC sources should be utilised. The stratification layer continues to be monitored and once/if it nears the top of the vessel, then the more carbon intensive sources can then be switched on. This ‘control by stratification’ is applicable to any number or variety of energy sources. Connecting and controlling a thermal store in this manner ensures that the energy sources can be utilised fully and that they are not compromised by a high return temperature.
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