Oil & gas


temperature compensation Electronics and Memory


16-bit and early 32-bit processors at 20–40 MHz


Flash memory enables field updates and multiple gas profiles


Interfaces and Displays RS-485 and early CAN bus


Graphical LCDs with bar graphs and trends Application Impact


Reliable closed-loop flow control Improved suitability for multi-gas processes


2.4 2000: SOFTWARE-DEFINED GAS FLOW INSTRUMENTS Measurement Performance Typical accuracy ±0.5–1% Integrated pressure and


Instrumentation Monthly March 2026


Improved long-term stability and traceability Signal Processing


Sampling rates reaching tens of kHz


Advanced digital control algorithms reduce settling time


Electronics and Memory 32-bit processors at 100–200 MHz


Megabytes of memory for logging and diagnostics


Interfaces and Displays CAN, Profibus, Modbus standard USB and Ethernet interfaces introduced Menu-driven graphical user interfaces Application Impact Faster process stabilization


Simplified system integration and calibration


2.5 2009: HIGH-PRECISION, NETWORKED GAS FLOW SOLUTIONS


Measurement Performance Accuracy of ±0.1–0.5% of reading


Advanced thermal models and multi- sensor compensation


Electronics no longer the dominant error source


Signal Processing


FPGA-assisted processing for high-speed control


Real-time diagnostics and drift detection Electronics and Memory


Processor speeds exceeding 500 MHz Tens to hundreds of megabytes of memory


Continued on page 28... 27


Page 1  |  Page 2  |  Page 3  |  Page 4  |  Page 5  |  Page 6  |  Page 7  |  Page 8  |  Page 9  |  Page 10  |  Page 11  |  Page 12  |  Page 13  |  Page 14  |  Page 15  |  Page 16  |  Page 17  |  Page 18  |  Page 19  |  Page 20  |  Page 21  |  Page 22  |  Page 23  |  Page 24  |  Page 25  |  Page 26  |  Page 27  |  Page 28  |  Page 29  |  Page 30  |  Page 31  |  Page 32  |  Page 33  |  Page 34  |  Page 35  |  Page 36  |  Page 37  |  Page 38  |  Page 39  |  Page 40  |  Page 41  |  Page 42  |  Page 43  |  Page 44  |  Page 45  |  Page 46  |  Page 47  |  Page 48  |  Page 49  |  Page 50  |  Page 51  |  Page 52  |  Page 53  |  Page 54  |  Page 55  |  Page 56  |  Page 57  |  Page 58  |  Page 59  |  Page 60  |  Page 61  |  Page 62  |  Page 63  |  Page 64  |  Page 65  |  Page 66  |  Page 67  |  Page 68  |  Page 69  |  Page 70  |  Page 71  |  Page 72