well-being nutrition


Caffeine Caffeine is found in beverages that many women drink daily: coffee, tea, sodas and even some foods such as chocolate. The average cup of coffee contains about 100 mg of caffeine, which may affect individuals differ- ently based on personal metabolism. Studies are limited but suggest that mild- to-moderate caffeine intake is not associated with adverse reproductive outcomes. With a caffeine intake that exceeds 300 mg/day (3 cups of coffee or 10 cups of cola), there may be an increased risk of early miscar- riage. However, with a typical intake, caffeine exposure in pregnancy does not seem to be associated with congenital anomalies, growth restriction, preterm delivery, gestational diabetes or hypertension. Heavy maternal caffeine consumption can be associated with


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neonatal withdrawal symptoms, however. In summary: Studies are lacking overall, but modest amounts of caffeine in pregnancy appear to be relatively safe. The March of Dimes and the American Congress of Ob- stetricians and Gynecologists both support caffeine intake of less that 200 mg per day during pregnancy.


  in diet sodas, baked goods and other food products. There is no evidence that the use of these additives causes birth defects or other pregnancy complications, and they are generally deemed to be safe in moderation in pregnancy. However, many products also contain other chemicals and additives, so it is important to focus on healthy choices.


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