BIG PICTURE: ELECTRIC VEHICLES


Lithium


A rare element that does not occur in elemental form because it is highly reactive, it is extracted from ores and some brines. Almost 80% of the world’s mine supply comes from Australia – 355,000 tons on a lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE) basis, in 2022. EVs use lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries – rechargeable ones where lithium ions move from the negative electrode through an electrolyte to the positive electrode during discharge, and back when charging.


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Cobalt


Found in the earth’s crust, the free element is produced by smelting, and has been one of the most common materials found in Li-ion battery cathodes. The Democratic Republic of Congo supplies two- thirds of the world’s cobalt mine supply, with the vast majority going to China for conversion. Ethical production challenges, and concerns about long-term availability, have prompted thrifting and research into alternatives.


Nickel


An electric vehicle battery comprises electrochemical cells, each of which has an anode, a cathode, and electrolyte. Nickel-containing cathodes are used in combination with cobalt and manganese or aluminium to deliver a high-energy density cathode.


Copper


A highly ductile metal known for its high thermal and electrical conductivity. Chile is the world’s leading producer, with a 25% share of mined output. Copper is used in every major EV component. A fully electric vehicle can use up to 80kg of copper, mainly in the form of wiring.


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