TOPIC 5 ELECTRICITY


Chapter 19 Introduction to electricity ...........................222 What is electricity? .......................................................222 Calculation of charge ....................................................222 Potential diff erence and work .....................................223 Voltage, current and resistance ..................................223 Electrical symbols .........................................................224


Chapter 20 Static electricity ..........................................226 Electrical charges ..........................................................226 Conductors and insulators...........................................227 Charging objects by induction ....................................227 Gold leaf electroscope ..................................................229 Distribution of charge on conductors ........................230 Forces between charges ..............................................231 Electric fi elds .................................................................233 Uses and hazards of static electricity ........................234


Chapter 21 Potential diff erence .....................................240 Voltage, pd and emf ......................................................240 Voltage in electric circuits ...........................................242 Relation of power to voltage .......................................244 Measuring voltage ........................................................244


Chapter 22 Capacitance ..................................................247 Introduction ...................................................................247 Changing capacitance ..................................................247 Two main types of capacitors ......................................248 Charging a parallel plate capacitor .............................250 Capacitors and stored charge .....................................250


Chapter 23 Current .........................................................254 Introduction ...................................................................254 Direction of current ......................................................254 Types of circuits .............................................................255 Measuring current ........................................................256 Eff ects of current ..........................................................256 Joule’s law ......................................................................257 Eff ects of current and voltage on various conductors .......................................................260


Chapter 24 Resistance ....................................................264 Introduction ...................................................................264 Resistors .........................................................................265 Calculating resistance in a circuit ...............................266 Potential dividers ..........................................................268 Factors aff ecting resistance ........................................269 Resistivity .......................................................................270 Wheatstone bridge .......................................................271 Temperature ..................................................................272


Chapter 25 Semiconductors ...........................................277 What is a semiconductor? ...........................................277 Intrinsic and extrinsic conduction ..............................278 Types of semiconductor ...............................................279 p-n diodes ......................................................................279


Chapter 26 Magnetism ....................................................283 Properties of magnets..................................................283 Magnetic fi elds ..............................................................284 Magnetic fi eld of electric currents .............................285


Chapter 27 Current in a magnetic fi eld ..........................288 Fleming’s left-hand rule...............................................288 Force on a current-carrying coil in a magnetic fi eld .............................................................289 Magnetic fl ux density ...................................................291 Forces on charged particles .........................................292 Two current-carrying conductors ...............................293


Chapter 28 Electromagnetic induction ..........................298 Introduction ...................................................................298 Magnetic fl ux .................................................................298 Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction .............299


Lenz’s law .......................................................................301 Alternating current .......................................................302 Mutual induction and self-induction .........................306 Inductors and a.c. ..........................................................307 Transformers .................................................................307


Chapter 29 Domestic electricity ....................................314 Introduction ...................................................................314 Faults/safety features ..................................................315 Kilowatt-hour units ......................................................317


Exam questions ............................................319 TOPIC 6 MODERN PHYSICS


Chapter 30 The electron .................................................324 Introduction ...................................................................324 Electron emission .........................................................325 X-rays ..............................................................................328 Photoelectric eff ect ......................................................329 Einstein’s photoelectric law ........................................331


Chapter 31 The atom, radioactivity and


nuclear energy .............................................337 Introduction ...................................................................337 Rutherford’s gold foil experiment ..............................337 Bohr model .....................................................................338 Structure of the atom ...................................................340 Radioactivity ..................................................................341 Decay products ..............................................................344 Radioactive decay and activity....................................347 Nuclear energy ..............................................................348 Ionising radiation and health hazards .......................354


Exam questions ............................................358 TOPIC 7 OPTIONS


Chapter 32 Particle physics ............................................364 Introduction ...................................................................364 Fundamental forces of nature .....................................364 Conservation laws.........................................................365 First transmutation by artifi cially accelerated particles ..........................................................................367 Converting mass into other forms of energy ........................................................................369 Current particle accelerators ......................................370 Conversion of energy into mass .................................371 Families of particles ......................................................375


Chapter 33 Applied electricity .......................................381 Current in a solenoid ....................................................381 Current in a magnetic fi eld ..........................................383 Electromagnetic induction ..........................................387 Alternating current .......................................................388 Diodes .............................................................................390 Transistors ......................................................................393 Logic gates .....................................................................396


Exam questions ............................................400 MANDATORY EXPERIMENTS


Topic 1 Mechanics ............................................................404 Topic 2 Temperature and heat ........................................420 Topic 3 Light ....................................................................427 Topic 4 Waves ..................................................................433 Topic 5 Electricity ............................................................441


Answers ............................................................................453 Index .................................................................................456

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