Chapter


Page


The Human Environment 13 Urbanisation and


Urban Problems in the Developing World


Learning objectives


Syllabus units


161


Urbanisation in the developing world The growth of unplanned shanty towns


Inadequate services Unemployment and underemployment Solving problems in Brazilian favelas


14 Future Urban Issues 166 Continued urban sprawl


Social isolation and alienation Energy sustainability Resolving these issues


oOptional Unit 7: Geoecology 15 Soils


170 5.6 5.6


The general composition of soils – parent materials, organic matter, air, water


Soil characteristics – texture, structure, pH value, organic content, colour, water retention properties, water content Natural processes that influence soils – weathering, erosion, leaching, calcification, humification Classification and global patterns of soils


16 Human Interference with Soils


186 Case Study: Deforestation in the


Amazonian Rainforests Case Study: Desertification in the Sahel Conserving soil


17 Biomes 196 Biomes explained


The desert biome – its climate, soils, vegetation and animal life


18 How Human Activities Alter Biomes


210 Case Study: Some effects of human


activities in the Amazon rainforests Case Study: The impacts of human activities in the Sahel


7.4 7.3 7.2


7.1 7.2

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