LITERATURE UPDATE
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats: research at the cutting edge of biomedicine
A look at the CRISPR technology that research scientists use to selectively modify the DNA of living organisms, adapted for use in the laboratory from naturally occurring genome editing systems found in bacteria. Here, Pathology in Practice Science Editor Brian Nation compiles a selection of current research interest.
CRISPR/Cas-based nucleic acid detection strategies: Trends and challenges
Zhou J, Li Z, Seun Olajide J, Wang G. Heliyon. 2024 Feb 14;10(4):e26179. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26179. eCollection 2024 Feb 29.
CRISPR/Cas systems have become integral parts of nucleic acid detection apparatus and biosensors. Various CRISPR/Cas systems such as CRISPR/ Cas9, CRISPR/Cas12, CRISPR/Cas13, CRISPR/Cas14 and CRISPR/Cas3 utilise different mechanisms to detect or differentiate biological activities and nucleotide sequences. Usually, CRISPR/ Cas-based nucleic acid detection systems are combined with polymerase chain reaction, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, recombinase polymerase amplification and transcriptional technologies for effective diagnostics. Premised on these, many CRISPR/ Cas-based nucleic acid biosensors have been developed to detect nucleic acids
of viral and bacterial pathogens in clinical samples, as well as other applications in life sciences including biosecurity, food safety and environmental assessment. Additionally, CRISPR/Cas-based nucleic acid detection systems have showed better specificity compared with other molecular diagnostic methods. In this review, the authors give an overview of various CRISPR/Cas- based nucleic acid detection methods and highlight some advances in their development and components. They also discourse some operational challenges as well as advantages and disadvantages of various systems. Finally, important considerations are offered for the improvement of CRISPR/Cas-based nucleic acid testing.
CRISPR/Cas gene editing and delivery systems for cancer therapy Li Y, Zhou S, Wu Q, Gong C. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol. 2024 Jan-Feb;16(1):e1938. doi: 10.1002/ wnan.1938.
CRISPR/Cas systems stand out because of simplicity, efficiency, and other superiorities, thus becoming attractive and brilliant gene-editing tools in the biomedical field including cancer therapy. CRISPR/Cas systems bring promises for cancer therapy through manipulating and engineering on tumour cells or immune cells. However, there have been concerns about how to overcome the numerous physiological barriers and deliver CRISPR components to target cells efficiently and accurately. In this review, the authors introduced the mechanisms of CRISPR/Cas systems, summarised the current delivery strategies of CRISPR/Cas systems by physical methods, viral vectors, and non- viral vectors, and presented the current application of CRISPR/Cas systems in cancer clinical treatment. Furthermore, they discussed prospects related to delivery approaches of CRISPR/Cas systems.
CRISPR/Cas detection with nanodevices: moving deeper into liquid biopsy Kong H, Yi K, Mintz RL et al. Chem Commun (Camb). 2024 Feb 22;60(17): 2301-2319. doi: 10.1039/d3cc05375j.
Cas9
gRNA 3'
5' 3'
Target 5'
N Cleavage Diagrammatic representation of the CRISPR Cas9 gene editing system.
WWW.PATHOLOGYINPRACTICE.COM JUNE 2024 PAM
5' 3'
dsDNA
The emerging field of liquid biopsy has garnered significant interest in precision diagnostics, offering a non-invasive and repetitive method for analysing bodily fluids to procure real-time diagnostic data. The precision and accuracy offered by the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/ CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/ Cas) technology have advanced and broadened the applications of liquid biopsy. Significantly, when combined with swiftly advancing nanotechnology, CRISPR/Cas-mediated nanodevices show vast potential in precise liquid biopsy applications. However, persistent
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