LITERATURE UPDATE
developed. Further insights into cancer metabolomics and gene-regulated mechanisms of mitochondria in CSCs can expedite the development of novel anticancer drugs.
In cancer cells, the metabolism
is reprogrammed from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis. This alteration allows the cancer cell to receive continuous energy supplies and avoid apoptosis. The pyruvate obtained from glycolysis produces acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) via oxidative decarboxylation and enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle for adenosine triphosphate generation. Mitochondrial calcium ion (Ca2+
for mitochondrial physiology regulation, and reduced uptake of Ca2+
) uptake is responsible inhibits
apoptosis and enhances cell survival in cancer. There have been many
discoveries of mitochondria-associated microRNAs (miRNAs) stimulating the metabolic alterations in mitochondria via gene regulation which promote cancer cell survival. These miRNAs are also found in CSCs where they regulate genes and activate different mechanisms to destroy the mitochondria and enhance CSCs survival. By targeting the miRNAs that induced mitochondrial destruction, the mitochondrial functions can be restored; thus, it triggers CSC apoptosis and completely eliminates the CSCs.
In general, this review article aims
to address the associations between miRNAs with mitochondrial activities in cancer cells and cancer stem cells that support cancer cell survival and self- renewal.
Association of microRNA-21 expression with breast cancer subtypes and its potential as an early biomarker
Lee SH, Brianna. Pathol Res Pract. 2024 Feb; 254: 155073. doi: 10.1016/j. prp.2023.155073.
Breast cancer has become the most diagnosed cancer worldwide in 2020 with high morbidity and mortality rates. The alarming increase in breast cancer incidence has sprung many researchers to focus on developing novel screening tests to identify early breast cancer which will allow clinicians to provide timely and effective treatments. With much evidence supporting the notion that the deregulation of miRNAs (a class of non-coding RNA) greatly contributes to cancer initiation and progression, the promising role of miRNAs as cancer biomarkers is gaining traction in the research world. Among the upregulated miRNAs identified in breast carcinogenesis, miR-21 was shown to be significantly expressed in breast cancer tissues and bodily fluids of breast cancer patients. This review paper aims to provide an overview of breast cancer, the role and significance of miR-21 in breast cancer pathogenesis, and its potential as a breast cancer biomarker. The paper also discusses the current types of tumour biomarkers and their limitations, the presence of miR-21 in extracellular vesicles and plasma, screening methods available for miRNA detection along with some challenges faced in developing diagnostic miR- 21 testing for breast cancer to provide readers with a comprehensive outlook based on using miR-21 in clinical settings.
Cancer-specific risk prediction with a serum microRNA signature Raut JR, Bhardwaj M, Schöttker B, Holleczek B, Schrotz-King P, Brenner H. Cancer Sci. 2024 Jun; 115 (6): 2049–58. doi: 10.1111/cas.16135.
The authors of this study recently derived and validated a serum-based microRNA risk score (miR-score) that predicted colorectal cancer (CRC) occurrence with very high accuracy within 14 years
of follow-up in a population-based cohort study from Germany (ESTHER cohort). Here, they aimed to evaluate associations of the CRC-specific miR- score with the risk of developing other common cancers, including female breast cancer (BC), lung cancer (LC), and prostate cancer (PC), in the ESTHER cohort. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) were
profiled by quantitative real-time PCR in serum samples collected at baseline from randomly selected incident cases of BC (n = 90), LC (n = 88), and PC (n = 93) and participants without diagnosis of CRC, LC, BC or PC (controls, n = 181) until the end of the 17-year follow-up. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to evaluate the associations of the miR-score with BC, LC and PC incidence. The miR-score showed strong inverse associations with BC and LC incidence (odds ratio [OR] per 1 standard deviation [SD] increase: 0.60 [95% confidence interval {CI} 0.43–0.82], P = 0.0017, and 0.64 [95% CI 0.48–0.84], P = 0.0015, respectively). Associations with PC were not statistically significant but pointed in the positive direction. The study highlights the potential of serum-based miRNA biomarkers for cancer-specific risk prediction. Further large cohort studies aiming to investigate, validate, and optimise the use of circulating miRNA signatures for cancer risk assessment are warranted.
Decoding the role of microRNA dysregulation in the interplay of pancreatic cancer and type 2 diabetes Mencucci MV, Abba MC, Maiztegui B. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2024 Apr 1; 583: 112144. doi: 10.1016/j. mce.2023.112144.
This study examines the complex relationship between pancreatic cancer (PC) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) by focusing on the role of microRNAs
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