ENERGY STORAGE AND GENERATION
Electric vehicles While there has also been significant research dedicated to the utilisation of energy stored within electric vehicles (EVs) during a grid outage, known as vehicle-to-grid (V2G), there are numerous technical and social issues surrounding this topic, which will see substantial changes in the future. Firstly, the installation of EV charging points would be required, which is lagging significantly behind the number of EVs currently on the road; secondly, V2G requires bi- directional power flow, which entails new wiring, metering, and a communication network,9
and thirdly, the adoption of
V2G faces social challenges which include customer attitude, driving patterns, and sensitivity to incentives.10 Time will tell as to which technologies
become commonplace among microgrids. However, the current trends suggest that battery energy storage is essential, but that cost and space availability remain a notable obstacle toward widespread implementation throughout the NHS. My research hopes to further understand these issues, and to provide potential solutions to continue to decarbonise the NHS.
References 1 Hervás-Zaragoza J, Colmenar-Santos A, Rosales-Asensio E, Colmenar-Fernández L. Microgrids as a mechanism for improving energy resilience during grid outages: A post covid-19 case study for Hospitals. Renewable Energy 2022; 199: 308–19.
2 Marqusee J, Jenket D. Reliability of emergency and standby diesel generators: Impact on energy resiliency solutions. Applied Energy 2020 Jun15; 268: 114918.
3 Lawrence B, Hancock M, Stieva G. How unreliable power affects the business value of a hospital. Schneider Electric [Internet]. White paper 2010 (cited 2 January 2023). https://tinyurl. com/2s4cv6zf
4 Marnay C, Chatzivasileiadis S, Abbey
Unidirectional (V1G) vs Bidirectional (V2G) Level of flexibility they can provide
(V1G)
Power range
available for grid services
Power range
available for grid services
(V2G)
Figure 4: Vehicle-to-grid levels of flexibility.
C, Iravani R, Joos G, Lombardi P et al. Microgrid evolution roadmap. 2015 International Symposium on Smart Electric Distribution Systems and Technologies (EDST) 5 Nov 2015.
5 Jenkins N, Ekanayake J, Strbac G. Microgrids. In: Distributed generation. London, UK – The Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2010; 175–82.
6 Hawkins G. Costs. In: Rules of Thumb: Guidelines for building services; 82–83. BSRIA, March 2011.
7 Towler J. [Internet]. Energy storage – the missing piece? BSRIA; 2016 (cited 2 January 2023). https://tinyurl. com/3svdnpt6
8 Zhang BW, Cao L, Tang C, Tan C, Cheng N, Lai WH et al. Atomically dispersed dual-site cathode with a record high sulfur mass loading for high-performance room- temperature sodium–sulfur batteries. Advanced Materials 29 October 2022: 2206828.
9 Noel L, Gerardo Z de R, Kester J, Sovacool BK. Vehicle-to-grid: A Sociotechnical Transition Beyond Electric Mobility. 1st ed. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.
10 Hussain A, Musilek P. Resilience HEJ readers’ research input needed
Jonathan Dobing is particularly keen to gauge the views and attitudes of HEJ’s readers from across the healthcare design, engineering, EFM, and architectural spectrum. He thus invites you to aid his research by completing a questionnaire which aims to determine attitudes toward microgrid technologies and the potential opportunities for their increased use in the healthcare arena. He says: “The views
and feedback obtained will provide a different perspective from the primary research, and will assist in affirming or contradicting the research hypothesis.” To participate, and access the questionnaire, scan the adjacent QR code using your mobile device’s camera. QR code scanners are also available on the Google Play or Apple App stores. For further information, email Jonathan at:
j.dobing2769@
student.leedsbeckett.ac.uk
Jonathan Dobing
Jonathan Dobing is currently employed at Mott MacDonald, Leeds, as an Electrical Design engineer, where he primarily focuses on providing all aspects of electrical design within the public sector of the built environment. He has three years’ experience as a design engineer, and previously worked for two years as a trainee electrician. Looking to specialise in Net Zero and energy security strategies in the built environment, he is currently undertaking a Master’s degree in Building Services Engineering at Leeds Beckett University, having completed a Bachelor’s degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering at Newcastle College through Teesside University in 2015. He is planning to submit his application for Professional Registration with the Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) in February 2024, upon graduating from his studies in September 2023.
February 2023 Health Estate Journal 43
enhancement strategies for and through electric vehicles. Sustainable Cities and Society May 2022; 80:103788.
Discharging
EV Charging Power demand (kW) Charging
CC BY-NC
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72
