fight certain diseases in plant crops (think of tomatoes and peppers).
•
In the field of food, Listex P100 (Micreos, the Netherlands) is a product that combines six phages to get rid of Listeria monocytogenes in certain nutrients and in industrial facilities.
• With regard to animal health, Intralytix has developed phage preparations for the prevention and treatment of animal diseases, which includes farm animals as well as pets. They are commercially selling products against Sal- monella (PLSV-1) and Clostridium perfringens (INT-401) to treat chickens.
• Other products, like ListShield, EcoShield, SalmoFresh and ShigaShield, active against L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella and Shigella respectively, are being used as a prevention measure in animals to stop these bacteria from entering the food chain.
•
In this context, it is good to add that also products have been developed for the disinfection of the skin of live animals prior to slaughter. These include Ecolicide PX (Intralytix) and BacWash (OmniLytics, USA).
• Last but not least, there are also products developed to avoid infection by pathogenic bacteria in pet food, like Ecolicide, SalmoLyse and LystPhage (Intralytix).
Perspectives for the future The list could of course be expanded with applications for humans. It is clear, however, that these products just consti- tute a precedent for the use of new phage-based compounds as antimicrobials, with application in different sectors. For a fact, one of the most important problems before com- mercialisation of these types of products is the lack of clear regulations for them in every country. For instance, the
Figure 2 - Illustration of antimicrobial activity of enzybiotics. Enzybiotic
AB Disintegrated bacteria Bacteria
Bacterial culture
AB
Culture + enzybiotic
A: Bacterial culture; B: Bacterial culture after having been treated with an enzybiotic. This culture is not turbid as the bacteria have died. The drawing illustrates how the enzybiotic destroys the bacterial envelope causing its disintegration.
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have approved various products for use in agribusiness. Nevertheless, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has completed an evaluation of certain food preservatives, but has not found concluding data for its use in the European Union. With respect to products for animal health, in the EU, none of these products has received approval at this moment. Con- stantly, more research points to the big potential in this sec- tor. For that reason, it is essential to continue contributing necessary data, so authorities can understand the real value of their later use.
This article earlier appeared in the Spanish magazine Albéitar. It was reprinted with permission and cooperation of the authors and original publishers. References are available on request.
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