activity, neutrophil response modulation and myeloperoxi- dase (MPO) response modulation. Aman Paul explains what these parameters stand for and how they represent antioxidant potential: - Radical scavenging activity represents the ability of a product to stabilise molecules such as DPPH and ABTS, either by hydrogen atom or single electron transfer. Both DPPH and ABTS assays are commonly used in food and feed industry to measure the antioxidant potential of in- gredients. Most previous studies used this approach.
- Neutrophils are white blood cells that are responsible for primary defence against pathogens. Neutrophil-mediat- ed defence occurs through: (1) phagocytosis; (2) Degran- ulation (release of enzymes and antimicrobial peptides e.g. myeloperoxidase and lactoferrin); and/or (3) Release of neutrophil extracellular trap. Some of these processes result in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anions, hydroxyl radicals, etc. (which are responsible for inactivation of pathogens). These mol- ecules are crucial for host-defence mechanisms in the an- imal. However, excessive ROS generated during host de- fence can react with enzymes, proteins, lipids, etc., of body cells and result in the development of various health conditions (for e.g., cellular aging, cancer, etc.). Neutrophil assays conducted during this study evaluated the potential of samples to scavenge ROS produced as a result of neutrophil activity.
- Myeloperoxidase enzyme released during neutrophil re- sponse can produce hypochlorous acid from hydrogen peroxide and chloride ions. Additionally, this enzyme is capable of oxidizing tyrosine into tyrosyl free radicals. Both products of myeloperoxidase oxidation (hypochlor- ous acid and tyrosyl free radicals) are crucial for inactivat- ing pathogens. What’s more, the repetitive interaction of these molecules with animal cells can cause inflammato- ry damage. Two myeloperoxidase assay were performed during this study (classical and SIEFED assay). These as- says measure the ability of samples to either stabilize ROS produced as a result of myeloperoxidase activity and/or inactivate the active form of myeloperoxidase enzyme.
Study outcome In the study, the researchers used chicken meal and fishmeal as industrial benchmarks, since both are frequently used in pet food and aquafeed. The results of the study show that chicken meal and fishmeal are ineffective in suppressing the oxidative damage resulting from neutrophil and myeloper- oxidase responses. Aman Paul: “Moreover, these ingredients even exhibit pro-oxidant activity in some models examined during our study. On the other hand, BSF protein derivatives could be effective in suppressing the oxidative damage re- sulting from neutrophil and myeloperoxidase responses.” The outcomes of the study indicate that BSF protein derivatives
could potentially be included in pet food and aquaculture feed formulations as health-promoting ingredients.
Animal health benefits According to the researcher, BSF protein derivatives could promote the health of pets and fish: “Ageing is one of the biggest challenges in dogs and cats. Ageing can accelerate the free radical damage in a pet’s body, which might lead to a wide range of health disorders (e.g. locomotor malfunc- tioning). It appears that BSF protein derivatives might help in supressing the free radical damage in a pet’s body. On the other hand, aquaculture organisms are at constant risk of pathogenic bacterial invasions, which may result in the de- velopment of various health conditions including reduced immunity, ageing, etc. Our research indicates that BSF pro- tein derivatives could reduce the oxidative damage occur- ring as a result of pathogenic invasions and improve the im- mune health of fish.” In Europe including insect proteins in pet food and aquafeed is legal and has been rapidly gaining attention. Aman Paul writes that insect protein is particular- ly suitable for young animal feed, since young animals grow fast and are developing their immune system. “This research provides concrete evidence on a molecular level under real-time conditions.
▶ ALL ABOUT FEED | Volume 28, No. 6, 2020
Black Soldier Fly larvae are one of the most fre- quently used species in ani- mal feed, due to their low envi- ronmental impact and nutritional characteristics.
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PHOTO: SHUTTERSTOCK
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