Carmichael’s Concise Review Coming Events


Due to COVID-19, please check to see if the listed events have been postponed or cancelled.


2021


Neuroscience 2021 (Virtual) November 3–7, 2021 (Preview) November 8–11, 2021 (Meeting)


Virtual http://www.sfn.org/meetings/neuroscience-2021


flowcytometryUK 2021 (formerly One Day flowcytometryUK)


November 17–18, 2021 Virtual


www.rms.org.uk/rms-event-calendar/2021- events/flowcytometryuk-2021.html


2021 MRS Fall Meeting & Exhibit (Hybrid) November 29–December 2, 2021 (in person) December 6–8, 2021 (virtual)


Boston, MA and Virtual www.mrs.org/fall2021


Cell Bio Virtual 2021 December 1–10, 2021


Virtual https://www.ascb.org/cellbio2021


2022 BPS2022: 66th Biophysical Society Annual Meeting


February 19–23, 2022 San Francisco, CA https://www.biophysics.org/2022meeting#


ABRF 2022 Annual Meeting March 27–30, 2022


Palm Springs, CA https://www.abrf.org/abrf-annual-meeting


Experimental Biology 2022 April 2–5, 2022


Philadelphia, PA https://www.experimentalbiology.org


7th International Conference on Nanomaterials, Nanodevices, Fabrication and Characterization (ICNNFC’22)


April 4–6, 2022 Hybrid Lisbon, Portugal and Virtual https://icnnfc.com


Microscopy & Microanalysis 2022 July 31–August 4, 2022


Portland, OR www.microscopy.org/events/future.cfm


2023 Microscopy & Microanalysis 2023 July 24–28, 2023


Minneapolis, MN www.microscopy.org/events/future.cfm


2024 Microscopy & Microanalysis 2024


July 28–August 1, 2024 Cleveland, OH www.microscopy.org/events/future.cfm


Figure 1: Scanning electron microscope image of the anterior end of the radula with mature teeth. Credit: Northwestern University.


8 doi:10.1017/S1551929521001279 2021 November


My, What Hard Teeth You Have! Stephen W. Carmichael Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905


carmichael.stephen@mayo.edu Te chiton is a marine mollusk that feeds primarily by scraping algae off of rocks.


Tis requires very hard, sharp teeth that can withstand considerable abrasive forces. Furthermore, the teeth are mounted on an apparatus that is flexible, yet strong, to facilitate the sweeping motions of the teeth during feeding. An elegant study by Linus Stegbauer, Paul Smeets, Robert Free, Shay Wallace, Mark Hersam, Esen Alp, and Derk Joester addressed the significant challenges involved in engineering structures that bridge between elements with disparate mechanical properties. Tey studied the radula, the scraping organ, of the chiton Cryptochiton stelleri [1]. Tis coast-dwelling mollusk is commonly called the gumboot chiton, suggesting that it is not tasty to eat; it is also nicknamed “the wandering meatloaf” because of its large (more than 30cm long), oval, reddish-brown body. However, beneath this modest exterior is concealed a mouth with a tongue-like radula with several rows of hard, sharp teeth (Figure 1). Te radula is about 5cm long and shows all stages of tooth development. Tese include the initial organic scaffold (stage I), infiltration with the iron-containing compound ferrihydrite (stage II), conversion to the iron-rich compound magnetite (stage III), mineralization of the core (stage IV), and mature teeth (stage V). Te progressive mineralization of teeth in the radula from the base (stage I) of the radula to the apex (stage V) was the main emphasis of this study. Te tooth head is comprised of a highly mineralized cusp with exceptional hard-


ness, which is among the hardest mineralized tissues known in nature. Tis hard cusp is also notable for its wear resistance and self-sharpening properties. Te cusp is mounted on a projection called the stylus that anchors the tooth on the thin and flexible radula membrane; prior to this investigation, the stylus was considered to be unmineralized. A virtual section of a tooth head and upper stylus, generated from a 3D reconstruction of the normalized linear attenuation coefficient (LAC) as deter- mined by synchrotron microcomputed tomography, shows the LAC is highest for the outer layer of the head, intermediate for the underlying core of the tooth, and rather low in the stylus (Figure 2). Tis reflects that the outer layer contains magnetite, the core contains amorphous ferric phosphate (AFP), and the stylus has less iron. In addition to microcomputed tomography, Stegbauer et al. also used transmis- sion and scanning electron microscopy, sometimes combined with energy dispersive


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