TECHNICAL Bibliography
ALTHOFF, M. (2019): Drohnen im Golfclub-Alltag. Greenkeepers Journal, 2/2019.
CAMPBELL, J.H., HENDERSON, J.J., MORRIS, T.F., GUILLARD, K., INGUAGIATO, J.C., RACKLIFFE, S.L. AND WALLACE, V.H. (2015): The eff ect of nitrogen source and total nitrogen on color and quality of Kentucky Bluegrass. – University of Connecticut, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, 2015 Annual Turfgrass Research Report: p. 64-66.
CATUREGLI, L., GROSSI, N., SALTARI, M., GAETANI, M., MAGNI, S., NIKOLOPOULOU, A.E., BONARI, E. AND VOLTERRANI, M. (2015): Spectral Refl ectance of Tall Fescue (Festuca Arundinacea Schreb.) Under Diff erent Irrigation and Nitrogen Conditions. Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 4, p. 59-67.
GILL, J. (2018): Developing a Drone Strategy for Use in Sports Turf Management (https://sportsturfonline. com/2018/01/16/developing-a- drone-strategy-for-use-in-sports-turf- management/).
HALL, R. (2016): How Drones Could Transform the Landscape Industry (
https://www.turfmagazine.com/ technology/drones-in-landscaping/).
ISHIMWE, R., ABUTALEB, K. AND AHMED, F. (2014): Applications of thermal imaging in Agriculture - A Review. Advances in Remote Sensing, 3, 128-140.
LICHT, B. (2019): Drohneneinsatz im Greenkeeping. Greenkeepers Journal, 2/2019.
MCAULIFFE, K. AND ROCHE, M. (2011): Developing new innovative technology for benchmarking turf grass performance. Project Number: TU09039. - Horticulture Australia Ltd (Sydney, Australia).
MCPHERSON, D. (2016): Drones, data and turf maintenance (https://www.
golfdom.com/drones-data-and-turf- maintenance/).
PEACOCK, C.H. (2008): Monitoring for pest problems, a new UAV perspective (www.turffi
les.ncsu.edu).
WACHENDORF, M., FRICK, T. AND MÖCKEL, T. (2017): Remote sensing as a tool to assess botanical composition, structure, quantity and quality of temperate grasslands. Grass Forage Sci. 2018, 73:1-14.
Field 11 on August 5, 2019 (NDVI-index and RGB image)
by Bernhard Schenk of UFA-Samen on August 6. The September 4 NDVI image clearly shows that the outbreak had almost exclusively infected the new Lolium perenne sods and hardly touched the older surface high in Poa species.
In fact, on July 27 the greenkeeper had sprayed for Fusarium which had aff ected parts of the older Poa surfaces, not yet knowing that Grey Leaf Spot was also present. If the greenkeeper had received this additional knowledge earlier, he might have been able to react in time with some practical measures which could have saved or at least mitigated the spread of the disease over the central sodded portion of the pitch. However, due to the widely spaced fl ights, one month apart, the remote sensing images were only partially useful and it became clear that one fl ight per month in the main growth period, and in the months with a high incidence of disease, is far from suffi cient to respond quickly and eff ectively to turf problems.
Nevertheless, the analysis of the monthly recorded images revealed clearly visible damage caused by stress and, overall, a clear visualisation of the vitality of the grass sward. The maintenance measures of the greenkeeping team and the weather infl uences could also be made visible and comprehensible.
Conclusions
The case study presented here, with a possible early detection of the turf disease Grey Leaf Spot, illustrates how valuable it is when a greenkeeping team becomes aware of anomalies on sports turf in good time and can react accordingly, especially with a turf disease like Grey Leaf Spot which spreads rapidly and can only be chemically suppressed at an early stage. Overall, the comparison of the NDVI images with the on- site inspections was very revealing. Based on our observations, the camera images were clearly able to indicate a weakened vegetation earlier than the human eye was able to see changes on the ground. To conclude, vegetation indices and their evaluation, in combination with an analysis of local weather data and applied maintenance measures, could prove to be a valuable tool for future-oriented and resource-saving sports turf maintenance.
Authors
Roland Berger, David Bily, Christian Desgranges and Erich Steiner - Steiner & Partner Landschaftsarchitektur GmbH
Reto Weiss - pixmap gmbh
If turf problems are detected at an early stage, it should be possible to strengthen the plants through mechanical procedures and biological inputs and to avoid excessive addition of chemicals, fertilisers and water
118 PC February/March 2021
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