54
Woodin, S.J. (1997). Ecological effects of major pollutant sources in
65
Ostler, W.K., Harper, K.T., McKnight, K.B. and Anderson, D.C. (1982).
the Arctic. In Ecology of Arctic Environments (eds. S.J. Woodin. and M. The effects of increasing snowpack on a subalpine meadow in the Uinta
Marquiss). Blackwell Science, Oxford Mountains, Utah, USA. Arctic and Alpine Research, 14, 203-214
55
Sturm, M., Douglas, T., Racine, C. and Liston, G.E. (2005). Changing
66
Forchhammer, M. and Boertmann, D. (1993). The muskoxen Ovibos mo-
snow and shrub conditions affect albedo with global implications. Jour- schatus in north and northeast Greenland: Population trends and the influ-
nal of Geophysical Research, 110, G01004, doi:10.1029/2005JG000013 ence of abiotic parameters on population dynamics. Ecography, 16, 299-308
56
Harding, R., Kuhry, P., Christensen, T.R., Sykes, M.T., Dankers, R.
67
Aanes, R., Saether, B.E. and Øritsland, N.A. (2000). Fluctuations of
and van der Linden, S. (2001). Climate feedbacks at the tundra-taiga an introduced population of Svalbard reindeer: the effects of density
interface. Ambio Special Report, 12, 47-55 dependence and climatic variation. Ecography, 23, 437-443
57
Pomeroy, J., Marsh, P. and Gray, D.M. (1997). Application of a dis-
68
Sommerfield, R.A., Mosier, A.R. and Musselman, R. (1993). CO
2
,
tributed blowing snow model to the Arctic. Hydrol Pocesses, 11(11), CH
4
and N
2
O flux through a Wyoming snowpack and implications for
1451-1464 global budgets. Nature, 361, 140-142
58
Pomeroy, J.W. and Li, L. (2000). Prairie and arctic areal snow cover
69
Aars, J. and Ims, R.A. (2002). Intrinsic and climatic determinants of
mass balance using a blowing snow model. J. Geophys. Res., 105(D21), population demography: the winter dynamics of tundra voles. Ecology,
26619-26634 83, 3449-3456
59
Pomeroy, J.W., Gray, D.M., Hedstrom, N.R. and Janowicz, J.R.
70
Pruitt, W.O., Jr. (1957). Observations on the bioclimate of some taiga
(2002). Prediction of seasonal snow accumulation in cold climate for- mammals. Arctic, 10(3), 129-138
ests. Hydrol. Proc., 16, 3543-3558
71
Nasimovich, A.A. (1955). Role of the snowcover regime in the lives
60
Storck, P., Lettenmaier, D.P. and Bolton, S.M. (2002). Measurement of ungulates on the territory of the USSR. Moscow
of snow interception and canopy effects on snow accumulation and
melt in a mountainous maritime climate, Oregon, United States. Wa-
72
Fancy, S.G. and White, R.G. (1985). Energy expenditures by caribou
ter Resour. Res., 38, 1-16 while cratering in snow. J. Wildl. Manage., 49(4), 987-993
61
Essery, R., Pomeroy, J., Parviainen, J. and Storck, P. (2003). Sublima-
73
Skogland, T. (1978). Characteristics of the snow cover and its re-
tion of snow from coniferous forests in a climate model. Journal of lationship to wild mountain reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.)
Climate, 16(11), 1855-1864 feeding strategies. Arctic and Alpine Research, 10, 569–580
62
Hardy, J.P., Davis, R:E., Jordan, R., Li, X., Woodcock, C., Ni, W. and
74
Thing, H. (1977). Behaviour, mechanics and energetics associated
McKenzie, J.C. (1997). Snow ablation modeling at the stand scale in a with winter cratering by caribou in northwestern Alaska. Univ. Alaska
boreal jack pine forest. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 29397-29405 Biol. Paper, 18
63
Sturm, M., McFadden, J.P., Liston, G.E., Chapin III, F.S., Racine,
75
Russell, D.E., Martell, A.M. and Nixon, W.A.C. (1993). The range
C.H. and Holmgren, J. (2001). Snow-shrub interactions in Arctic tun- ecology of the Porcupine Caribou Herd in Canada. Rangifer Special
dra. A hypothesis with climatic implications. Journal of Climate, 14, Issue 8
336-344
76
Griffith, B., Douglas, D.C., Walsh, N.E., Young, D.D., McCabe, T.R.,
64
Callaghan, T.V., Björn, L.O., Chapin III, F.S., Chernov, Y., Christen- Russell, D.E., White, R.G., Cameron, R.D. and Whitten, K.R. (2002).
sen, T.R., Huntley, B., Ims, R., Johansson, M., Riedlinger, D.J., Jonas- The Porcupine caribou herd. In Arctic Refuge Coastal Plain Terrestri-
son, S., Matveyeva, N., Oechel, W., Panikov, N. and Shaver, G. (2005). al Wildlife Research Summaries. Biological Science Report USGS/BRD
Arctic Tundra and Polar Desert Ecosystems. In Arctic Climate Impact BSR-2002-0001 (eds. D.C. Douglas, P.E. Reynolds and E. B. Rhode).
Assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge U. S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division
CHAPTER 4 SNOW 61
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96 |
Page 97 |
Page 98 |
Page 99 |
Page 100 |
Page 101 |
Page 102 |
Page 103 |
Page 104 |
Page 105 |
Page 106 |
Page 107 |
Page 108 |
Page 109 |
Page 110 |
Page 111 |
Page 112 |
Page 113 |
Page 114 |
Page 115 |
Page 116 |
Page 117 |
Page 118 |
Page 119 |
Page 120 |
Page 121 |
Page 122 |
Page 123 |
Page 124 |
Page 125 |
Page 126 |
Page 127 |
Page 128 |
Page 129 |
Page 130 |
Page 131 |
Page 132 |
Page 133 |
Page 134 |
Page 135 |
Page 136 |
Page 137 |
Page 138 |
Page 139 |
Page 140 |
Page 141 |
Page 142 |
Page 143 |
Page 144 |
Page 145 |
Page 146 |
Page 147 |
Page 148 |
Page 149 |
Page 150 |
Page 151 |
Page 152 |
Page 153 |
Page 154 |
Page 155 |
Page 156 |
Page 157 |
Page 158 |
Page 159 |
Page 160 |
Page 161 |
Page 162 |
Page 163 |
Page 164 |
Page 165 |
Page 166 |
Page 167 |
Page 168 |
Page 169 |
Page 170 |
Page 171 |
Page 172 |
Page 173 |
Page 174 |
Page 175 |
Page 176 |
Page 177 |
Page 178 |
Page 179 |
Page 180 |
Page 181 |
Page 182 |
Page 183 |
Page 184 |
Page 185 |
Page 186 |
Page 187 |
Page 188 |
Page 189 |
Page 190 |
Page 191 |
Page 192 |
Page 193 |
Page 194 |
Page 195 |
Page 196 |
Page 197 |
Page 198 |
Page 199 |
Page 200 |
Page 201 |
Page 202 |
Page 203 |
Page 204 |
Page 205 |
Page 206 |
Page 207 |
Page 208 |
Page 209 |
Page 210 |
Page 211 |
Page 212 |
Page 213 |
Page 214 |
Page 215 |
Page 216 |
Page 217 |
Page 218 |
Page 219 |
Page 220 |
Page 221 |
Page 222 |
Page 223 |
Page 224 |
Page 225 |
Page 226 |
Page 227 |
Page 228 |
Page 229 |
Page 230 |
Page 231 |
Page 232 |
Page 233 |
Page 234 |
Page 235 |
Page 236 |
Page 237 |
Page 238