Technical
Table 1. Weeds commonly occuring within turf
vernacular name Bedstraw, Heath Bittercress, Hairy Buttercup, Bulbous Buttercup, Creeping Carrot, Wild Cats Ear
Celandine, Lesser Charlock
Chickweed, Common Cinquefoil Cleavers
Clover, White Cranes-bill Daisy
Dandelion Docks
Elder, Ground Groundsel
Hawkbit, Rough
Hawk’s-beard, Smooth Hawkweed, Mouse ear Hemlock Knotgrass Mayweeds
Medick, Black Mouse Ear
Mouse-ear, Common Nettle, Common Oxestongue, Bristly Parsley Piert Pearlwort
Pearlwort, Procumbent Plantain, Ribwort Plantains Ragwort Self Heal
Silverweed Sorrel
Speedwell, Slender Stork's-bill, Common Stork's-bill, Sea Thistle, Creeping Thistles Thrift
Trefoils Yarrow
Weed - Weed Galium saxatile
Cardamine hirsuta Ranunculus bulbosa Ranunculus repens Daucus carrota
Hypochaeris radicata Ficaria verna
Sinapis arvensis Stellaria media Potentilla sp.
Galium aparine Trifolium repens Erodium sp. Bellis perenis
Taraxacum officinalis agg. Rumex sp.
Aegopodium podograria Senecio vulgaris
Leontodon hispidus
Scorzoneroides autumnalis Pillosella officinarum Conium maculatum Polygonum sp. Senecio sp.
Madicago lupulina Cerastium sp.
Cerastium fontanum Urtica dioica
Helminthotheca echioides Aphanes sp. Sagina sp.
Sagina procumbens Plantago lanceolata Plantago sp.
Senecio jacobaea Prunella vulgaris Potentilla anserina Rumex sp.
Veronica filiformis Erodium cicutarium Erodium maritimum Cirsium arvense Cirsium sp.
Armeria maritima Trifolium sp.
Achillea millifolium
Physically cutting the weed plant before it has an opportunity to seed, by using a strimmer, mower or topper, can’t harm the grass plant, but eventually weakens apically dominant species. The location of these species, and what they offer as a structural element, should be considered: a perfectly cut area of grassland does not constitute effective management or provide interest for the people using it. Resilience is built into systems by ensuring that a diversity of different species can occupy the available niches. A system becomes correspondingly vulnerable as the diversity diminishes.
There are species that grow too low down within the sward to be controlled by this method, these are the weeds that can be classically thought of as ‘turf grass weeds’. These are species such as Clovers, Daisy,
120 I PC APRIL/MAY 2015
React Ultra
no no
yes yes no
yes no
yes yes yes yes yes
no no
yes yes no
yes no
yes yes yes yes yes
yes yes yes no no no no no no
Managed Amenity Turf Amenity Grassland *Stewardship agreement required
forestry and uncropped areas
Relay Longbow Praxys Cabadex Esteem Depitox Thrust Blaster Pro Icade* Synero* Kaskara Turf
no
yes yes yes yes yes no no
yes no
yes yes
yes yes no no
no yes no no yes yes
no no no no no
no no yes no yes yes no no no no yes moderate no yes no no no
no moderate no no no no
yes no
no
no no no
yes no
no
no no
no
nononononononono no
nononononononono yes no no no
yes no
yes yes no
nononononononono yes yes yes no no no no no no
yes no no no no
yes yes yes yes no no no
yes yes no no
yes yes yes yes yes no no no no
yes no
yes yes
yes yes yes yes no no no
yes yes no no
yes yes yes yes yes no no no no
yes no
yes yes
yes
yes yes no no no no no no no no
yes
yes yes no no no no no no no no
no
yes yes no no no no no no no no
no
yes yes
yes yes yes no no
no
yes yes
no no no no no
no no
no no no no no no no
yes yes no
nononononono no
yes no
yes no
yes no no
no
no no
no no
no moderate no no no
no moderate no yes no
yes yes
no yes
no no no no no no no no no no
no no
no no no no no
no no no
nononononononono yes
yes moderate no no
no moderate no no moderate no yes yes yes no no
yes moderate no no no no no no no no no
no no no
moderate
yes moderate yes moderate no no no no no no no no no
nonononononononono yes no no
yes no moderate no no no no
yes no
nonononononononono nonononononononono no no
yes yes yes no
yes no no no
yes no no no
yes
yes moderate no moderate no moderate no yes no
yes no
yes no no no
yes yes no
moderate
no no no no no
yes no no no no no
yes yes
no moderate moderate no no moderate no no no no no no no no no
yes no
yes yes no no
yes no moderate no
no no no no no
yes no no
no no
yes yes yes no no no
no moderate no no no no no no no no
yes yes no
yes no no
no
no no no
no no no no no no no no no no no
yes no no no no no no
yes moderate no no no no no no
no no no no no no
yes yes no
nononononono no
Plantains and Speedwells, along with other plants that can grow and set seed below the height of the mower.
Again, understanding plant physiology can help us understand that some of these are indicators of particular conditions which we can alleviate and reduce their influence. For example, Plantains and Knotgrass are indicators of compaction commonly seen in goalmouths and centre circles of football pitches. Alleviate the compaction with a verti-drain and overseed the area and the problem will disappear, but will reoccur as compaction becomes an issue again.
Biological control
Biological control is a developing area and is an extension of an extensive understanding of the problem plant. Examples of this are Cinnabar Moth caterpillars being used to reduce the
no
yes yes no no no
problem of Ragwort or the potential introduction of a Pysllid, a type of invertebrate to help manage populations of the invasive, non-native Japanese Knotweed. Use of a biological control for turf grass weeds is unlikely to be as effective as a selective herbicide simply because of the efficacy currently experienced with pesticides.
Chemical control of turf grass weeds
Using a herbicide is the ultimate alternative when selecting a strategy to control weeds. When selecting a herbicide, a number of questions should be answered:
- What weed am I trying to control? - Where is the plant growing?
- What is the most effective herbicide that I can use?
grassland, Amenity
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