price tag to newly affected Part 135 operators.
CRM focuses on the inter- actions among all aviation per- sonnel, including pilots, mechanics, operations person- nel, air traffic controllers, flight service stations and flight attendants. It also addresses single-pilot communications, decision making and situation- al awareness. The program’s roots are generally attributed in the United States to a NASA workshop in the late 1970s. Like the new FAA requirement, the original concept stemmed from an analysis of the causes of commercial aviation acci- dents. United Airlines gener- ally is considered the first air- line to implement a CRM pro- gram in 1981. Early CRM pro- grams were called Cockpit Resource Management, and focused more on the psycholo- gy of accepting input from subordinates and prioritizing information. By the mid- 1980s, CRM programs were part of most major airline training and began to focus more on cockpit-specific training. Military pilots began receiving formal CRM training in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
Over the next decade, CRM began to diversify into pro- grams that were more tailored to the specific airline. The programs began to focus on technical training, as well as specific skills pilots could use to make their cockpits more efficient. Advanced training also began to take place for check pilots and other evalua- tors, to ensure CRM was not only being trained, but rein- forced and evaluated frequent- ly. CRM also broadened in scope to include others related to aviation operations, such as flights attendants, dispatchers and maintenance personnel. The new rule broadens the requirement for CRM beyond large air carriers, which have been required to conduct CRM since 1997. ◆
Hunter Old represents aviation businesses, pilots and mechanics as a partner with the law firm of Kaufman &
Canoles, P.C. in Williamsburg, Virginia. He also is licensed as a commercial helicopter pilot, and flew both UH-1s and CH-47s in the Army
Reserves. He can be reached at
whold@kaufcan.com, or on (757) 259-3870.
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