Transport

Avoid, Shift, Improve

Avoid Avoid and Shift Shared vehicle systems

Public transport opera- tions (including fare collec- tion, depot/fleet manage- ment, station management, security)

Taxis and paratransit operations

Shift

Non-motorised transport (NMT) services

Intelligent Transportation Systems

Commercial enterprises in public spaces, advertising and street furniture

Low carbon vehicles Improve Alternative fuels Vehicle Maintenance High –by encouraging less private car usage

High – by increasing the quality of service and making transit systems more attractive

Medium – by providing door-to-door alternative to private cars (depends on fuel type and operational efficiency)

High – particularly when coupled with land use patterns that support shorter journeys achievable by NMT.

Medium – optimising transportation system performance to minimising vehicle delays and making public transport attractive

Medium – improves the user experience of transit/non-motorised transport oriented cities

High – by allowing better energy efficiency High – by allowing lower CO2

per unit of energy

Medium – proper vehicle maintenance can reduce emissions and GHG

Sustainable business

Telecommunication tech- nology and services

Parking providers Emissions reduction potential

Medium – Provides alternatives to physical travel

High – by providing formal parking space and replacing informal parking

Examples

Teleconferencing and teleworking by major companies in Europe, US, etc.

Private parking operators in Tokyo

Car-sharing integrated with rail and public transport in Switzerland; Bicycle sharing such as: JCDecaux/Cyclocity, Paris, Clear Channel/ SmartBike, Barcelona

Bus Rapid Transit systems in Bogotá, Pereira, Curitiba, Ahmedabad, Guayaquil, Mexico, Leon, Guadalajara, Guatemala; Bus systems in Santiago, Sao Paulo (and most Brazilian cities); Metro rail systems in Singapore, etc.

Auto-rickshaws in India, Pakistan

Bicycle rickshaws in India, New York City, San Francisco; Bicycle stations in Germany; Bicycle rentals in Amsterdam; Walking tours in Boston

Technology providers in Santiago, Guayaquil Barcelona, Buenos Aires, Guayaquil

Small, lightweight vehicles, ultra low emission engines, hybrid vehi- cles, plug-in hybrids linked with sustainable generation of electricity

Biofuels, conforming to stringent and comprehensive sustainability criteria

Annual vehicle checks in e.g. Indonesia Table 4: Green transport businesses in the Avoid, Shift and Improve groups

Box 6: The role of transport in reducing rural poverty

There is a large body of empirical evidence that shows a positive correlation between transport investment and economic outputs Liu (2005). Binswanger et al. (1993) and AITD (2003) found that rural road investment directly contributes to the growth of agricultural output, increased use of fertilisers, commercial bank expansion and overall improvements in the socio-economic conditions of rural villages in India. Khandker et al. (2009) their research for the World Bank, Khander et al. (2009) found that rural road investments in Bangladesh reduced poverty significantly through higher agricultural production, higher wages, lower input and transportation costs and higher output prices. Rural roads were also found to lead to higher rates of school attendance for both girls and boys and to be pro-poor. However, together

with rural road infrastructure, investments also need to be made in facilities for public transport, NMT and a multi-modal transport infrastructure. For those without access to private motor vehicles, this would lead to their increased mobility. This is especially the case when connecting urban centres with rural areas. Van de Walle (2002), in her work for the World Bank, argues that failing to consider the equity objective alongside the efficiency one can bias investment against poorer areas and poor people. This is particularly true in Asian transition economies where roads are one of many constraints on development. Their economic, social and environmental benefits will be dependent on other factors such as whether or not affordable transport services follow the road investment.

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