Renewable energy 0

Geothermal Electricity Solar Electricity Biomass Electricity

Wind Electricity Ocean Electricity Hydropower

Range of Non-Renewable Electricity Cost

Geothermal Heat Solar Thermal Heat Biomass Heat

Range of Oil and Gas Based Heating Cost

Biofuels

Range of Gasoline and Diesel Cost

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 [US$2005 Electricity

Biomass: 1. Cofiring

Heat 275 /GJ]

Notes: Medium values are shown for the following subcategories, sorted in the order as they appear in the respective ranges (from left to right): Transport Fuels Biofuels:

Biomass Heat:

2. Small scale combined heat and power, CHP (Gasification internal combustion engine) 3. Direct dedicated stoker & CHP 4. Small scale CHP (steam turbine) 5. Small scale CHP (organic Rankine cycle)

Solar Electricity:

1. Concentrating solar power 2. Utility-scale PV (1-axis and fixed tilt) 3. Commercial rooftop PV 4. Residential rooftop PV

Geothermal Electricity: 1. Condensing flash plant 2. Binary cycle plant

Hydropower: 1. All types

Ocean Electricity: 1. Tidal barrage

Wind Electricity: 1. Onshore 2. Offshore

The lower range of the levelised cost of energy for each RE technology is based on a combination of the most favourable input-values, whereas the upper range is based on a combination of the least favourable input values. Reference ranges in the figure background for non-renewable electricity options are indicative of the levelised cost of centralised non-renewable electricity generation. Reference ranges for heat are indicative of recent costs for oil and gas based heat supply options. Reference ranges for transport fuels are based on recent crude oil spot prices of US$ 40 to130/barrel and corresponding diesel and gasoline costs, excluding taxes.

Figure 4: Range in recent levelised cost of energy for selected commercially

available renewable-energy technologies Source: IPCC (2011)

213

1. Municipal solid waste based CHP 2. Anaerobic digestion based CHP 3. Steam turbine CHP

4. Domestic pellet heating system Solar Thermal Heat:

1. Domestic hot water systems in China 2. Water and space heating

Geothermal Heat: 1. Greenhouses

2. Uncovered aquaculture ponds 3. District heating

4. Geothermal heat pumps 5. Geothermal building heating

1. Corn ethanol 2. Soy biodiesel 3. Wheat ethanol 4. Sugarcane ethanol

5. Palm oil biodiesel 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

[US$ cent2005 90

/kWh] 100

Lower Bound Medium Values

Non-Renewables

Electricity Heat

Upper Bound Transport Fuels