Notes: Medium values are shown for the following subcategories, sorted in the order as they appear in the respective ranges (from left to right): Transport Fuels Biofuels:
Biomass Heat:
2. Small scale combined heat and power, CHP (Gasification internal combustion engine) 3. Direct dedicated stoker & CHP 4. Small scale CHP (steam turbine) 5. Small scale CHP (organic Rankine cycle)
Solar Electricity:
1. Concentrating solar power 2. Utility-scale PV (1-axis and fixed tilt) 3. Commercial rooftop PV 4. Residential rooftop PV
The lower range of the levelised cost of energy for each RE technology is based on a combination of the most favourable input-values, whereas the upper range is based on a combination of the least favourable input values. Reference ranges in the figure background for non-renewable electricity options are indicative of the levelised cost of centralised non-renewable electricity generation. Reference ranges for heat are indicative of recent costs for oil and gas based heat supply options. Reference ranges for transport fuels are based on recent crude oil spot prices of US$ 40 to130/barrel and corresponding diesel and gasoline costs, excluding taxes.
Figure 4: Range in recent levelised cost of energy for selected commercially
available renewable-energy technologies Source: IPCC (2011)
213
1. Municipal solid waste based CHP 2. Anaerobic digestion based CHP 3. Steam turbine CHP
4. Domestic pellet heating system Solar Thermal Heat:
1. Domestic hot water systems in China 2. Water and space heating
Geothermal Heat: 1. Greenhouses
2. Uncovered aquaculture ponds 3. District heating
4. Geothermal heat pumps 5. Geothermal building heating